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PC-SIG Diskette Library (Disk #817)
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Information about “TURBO C TUTORIAL 2 OF 2 (ALSO 816)”
If you are a programmer in C or other programming languages and have
been thinking about moving up to Turbo C, TURBO C TUTORIAL can help
open the door.
TURBO C TUTORIAL will teach you the basic structure of the C
language. Turbo C is not really a beginner's language and the author
assumes you are familiar with some other programming languages but know
nothing about C. The tutorial starts by explaining the C language and
by the time you have completed the lessons you should be very familiar
with Turbo C.
Included are over 60 C source code files, which are to be used
with the tutorial.
COMPILER.DOC
Coronado Enterprises Turbo C TUTOR (ver 1.50) Feb 1, 1988
COMPILER.DOC file
This tutorial is written specifically for the Turbo-C compiler
by Borland International. It is written for the first release
of that particular compiler, and many of the topics discussed
refer to the User's Guide and Reference Guide for that particular
release. For that reason, when Borland releases a new version,
some of the page numbers may be in error for the new release, but
the topics will still be useable and valid. It is written to
teach you how to read and write Turbo C programs but even more
important, it is intended to teach you the vocabulary of the C
language so that you can intelligently read the literature about C.
Due to the ease of use of the Integrated Environment version of
Turbo C, It will be used exclusively by this tutorial. You can
use the Command Line version of Turbo C with this tutorial, but
all notes in the tutorial will describe use of the Integrated
Environment version.
******** Note - Note - Note - Note - Note - Note - Note *********
All of the files in the Coronado Enterprises Turbo C tutorial are
designed to work with the Turbo C compiler with all options left
in the default mode (ie - the way the compiler comes from the
factory), and any changes may affect the way some of the example
programs work. For example, if you were to change the number of
significant characters used for an identifier to 4, the program
named SCOPE.C in chapter 5, would have all 3 functions named the
same, namely "head", and the program would not work. You would
actually have other problems with this change, but they will not
be commented on here. Other kinds of errors are also possible, so
it would be best that you simply use the Borland defaults for the
duration of the tutorial and when you have gained experience with
C, customize your compiler to suit your own taste.
****************** Suggested Hard Disk Setup *********************
The Turbo C User's Guide has complete instructions describing
how to set up your system for proper use. Following the direc-
tions given will result in the following directory setup if you
are using a hard disk. Some of the files have been omitted in
this suggested setup to reduce the clutter in the TURBOC directory.
This will reduce the confusion over extra files as you work your
way through the tutorials.
Note that there are slight differences in using version 1.0 and
1.5 of TURBO C. The differences will be pointed out in the follow-
ing descriptions of setup and use.
********* TURBO C version 1.0 **********
TURBO C disk 1 - Integrated Development Env.
TURBO C disk 2 - Command Line/Utilities
TURBO C disk 3 - Header Files/Libraries/Examples
TURBO C disk 4 - Libraries/Examples
********* TURBO C version 1.5 **********
TURBO C disk 1 - Integrated Development Env.
TURBO C disk 2 - Command Line/Utilities
TURBO C disk 3 - Header Files/Libraries
TURBO C disk 4 - Libraries
TURBO C disk 5 - Examples
C:\TURBOC\
TC.EXE /* From Turbo C disk 1 */
TCCONFIG.TC /* You make this file - See below */
TCHELP.TCH /* From Turbo C disk 1 (ver 1.0) */
TCHELP.TCH /* From Turbo C disk 5 (ver 1.5) */
*.* /* From Turbo C Tutor SOURCE disk */
C:\TURBOC\INCLUDE\
*.H /* From Turbo C disk 3 */
C:\TURBOC\INCLUDE\SYS\
STAT.H /* From Turbo C disk 3 \SYS\ subdir.*/
C:\TURBOC\LIB\
*.OBJ /* From Turbo C disk 3 */
*.LIB /* From Turbo C disk 3 */
*.OBJ /* From Turbo C disk 4 - optional */
*.LIB /* From Turbo C disk 4 - optional */
The *.OBJ and *.LIB files from disk 4 are needed only if you wish
to use additional memory models. You only need the "Small" memory
model to run all of the programs included in the Coronado Enter-
prises Turbo C tutorial.
After creating the subdirectories listed above and loading them
with the files listed, change to the TURBOC directory and create
the TCCONFIG.TC file by following these instructions (note that
the instructions are given on page 16 of the Turbo C User's guide
but they are somewhat cryptic for the beginner).
1. TC<return> This loads the TURBO-C compiler
2. O Selects "Options"
3. E (version 1.0) Selects "Environment"
3. D (version 1.5) Selects "Directories"
4. I Selects "Include directories"
5. \TURBOC\INCLUDE<return> Sets directory for include files
6. L Selects "Library directory"
7. \TURBOC\LIB<return> Sets directory for library files
8. <Esc> Returns to "Options" menu
9. S Selects "Store options"
10. <return> Stores file named "TCCONFIG.TC"
11. <Esc> Return to the TURBO-C main menu
To run your first program. (This assumes FIRSTEX.C has been copied
into the \TURBOC\ directory from the tutorial SOURCE disk.)
1. TC<return> Loads the Turbo C compiler
2. F Selects "Files"
3. L Selects "Load"
4. <return> Lists all files *.C
5. Position cursor on FIRSTEX.C
6. <return> Loads FIRSTEX.C
7. Alt-R Compiles and runs FIRSTEX
**************** Suggested Dual Floppy Disk Setup *****************
The Turbo C User's Guide has very sketchy information on how to set
up the system for use from two floppies so the following information
is given to get you started. As you gain experience with the C lan-
guage, you can add features and move files around to make it more
convenient to use. The setup given here will result in the source
files and executable files residing on drive B. You will develop a
more convenient system soon, but this setup will get you started.
You will find that you will have to stop often and erase the *.OBJ
and the *.EXE files that are generated by Turbo C or your disk will
fill up with these extra files.
Format a disk with the system on it (ie - FORMAT A:/S) and put the
following files on it for your drive A disk.
TC.EXE /* From Turbo C disk 1 */
TCCONFIG.TC /* You make this file - see below */
TCHELP.TCH /* From Turbo C disk 1 (ver 1.0) */
TCHELP.TCH /* From Turbo C disk 5 (ver 1.5) */
/* Note - You will probably have */
/* room for an AUTOEXEC.BAT file on */
/* this disk also. */
Format a disk without the system, make the following directories
on it, and add the following files to it in their respective dir-
ectories. This will be the disk for drive B. You will put a few
of the source files from the Coronado Enterprises tutorial on this
disk in the root directory.
\
*.C /* From the Turbo C Tutor SOURCE disk */
\INCLUDE\
*.H /* From Turbo C disk 3 */
\INCLUDE\SYS\
STAT.H /* From Turbo C disk 3 */
\LIB\
COS.OBJ /* From Turbo C disk 3 */
CS.LIB /* From Turbo C disk 3 */
EMU.LIB /* From Turbo C disk 3 */
FP87.LIB /* From Turbo C disk 3 */
MATHS.LIB /* From Turbo C disk 3 */
After creating the disks as listed above, install the disks in
drive A and drive B and boot up the computer on drive A. You
must then create the TCCONFIG.TC file by following these instruc-
tions (note that the instructions are given on page 14 of the Turbo
C User's guide but they are somewhat cryptic for the beginner).
1. TC<return> This loads the TURBO-C compiler
2. O Selects "Options"
3. E (version 1.0) Selects "Environment"
3. D (version 1.5) Selects "Directories"
4. I Selects "Include directories"
5. B:\INCLUDE<return> Sets directory for include files
6. O Selects "Output directory"
7. B:\<return> Sets directory for output files
8. L Selects "Library directory"
9. B:\LIB<return> Sets directory for library files
10. <Esc> Returns to "Options" menu
11. S Selects "Store options"
12. <return> Stores file named "TCCONFIG.TC"
13. <Esc> Return to the TURBO-C main menu
14. F Selects the "File" menu
15. L Selects the "Load" submenu
16. B:*.C<return> Selects the B drive for files
17. <Esc> Return to the "File" menu
18. <Esc> Return to the TURBO-C main menu
Note that steps 14 through 16 must be performed once each time the
Turbo C system is started to tell the system where to find the
working files.
To run your first program. (This assumes FIRSTEX.C has been copied
into the root directory from the tutorial SOURCE disk.) Load the
two disks into the computer and boot up the system.
1. TC<return> Loads the Turbo C compiler
2. F Selects "Files"
3. L Selects "Load"
4. B:*.C<return> Lists all files *.C
5. Position cursor on FIRSTEX.C
6. <return> Loads FIRSTEX.C
7. Alt-R Compiles and runs FIRSTEX
**************** Suggested Single Floppy Disk Setup ****************
In order to use the Turbo C compiler with a single floppy disk,
set up two disks as noted for the Dual Floppy Disk system. Use the
disk designated for drive A above to boot up the computer and perform
steps 1 through 13 given above, leaving off the drive designation for
drive B in steps 5, 7, 9, and 16.
To run the system, use the disk designated for drive A for booting
and loading the TC system, then install the other disk as the work-
ing disk. You will have all of the capabilities of the dual drive
system except for the "HELP" facility and the ability to run an oper-
ating system shell from within the Turbo C Integrated environment.
FILES817.TXT
Disk No 817
Program Title: TURBO C TUTORIAL version 1.50 (Disk 2 of 2)
PC-SIG version 1.5
TURBO C TUTORIAL teaches the basic structure of the C language. TURBO C
is not really a beginners language so the author assumes you are familiar
with other programming languages. The tutorial starts out explaining the C
language and by the time you have completed the lesson you should be very
familiar with TURBO C.
Usage: Educational
System Requirements: 128K memory and a printer.
How to Start: Type PRINTALL (press enter).
Suggested Registration: $10.00
File Descriptions:
READ ME How to start.
AMORT Source file.
COMPILER DOC Compiler documentation
DEFIN H Definitions of files.
HELP Help file.
LIST EXE Program used to print the source files.
LIST PRJ Source code for LIST.EXE.
PAYMENT Source file.
PRINTALL BAT Batchfile to print the source files.
STRUCT DEF Structure definitions
TEST Test program.
TEST BAT Test batch file.
VC DOC Documentation for VC.EXE
VC EXE Visial Calculator program.
VC PRJ Source code for VC.EXE.
??????? C TURBO C source file (78 files).
PC-SIG
1030D E Duane Avenue
Sunnyvale CA. 94086
(408) 730-9291
(c) Copyright 1987,88 PC-SIG, Inc.
GO.TXT
╔═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
║ <<<< Disk #817 TURBO C TUTORIAL Disk 2 of 2 >>>> ║
╠═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╣
║ To copy the tutorial to your printer type: PRINTALL (press enter) ║
╚═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝
VC.DOC
The Visual Calculator - Version 1.10
The visual calculator was written to be used for quick
calculations of the variety that would ordinarily be done
with a hand held calculator. There is no allowance for
programming loops, or indirect variables, or any of the
other facilities of a modern programming language. There
are no complications either, and this program should not
require more than a few minutes for the experienced com-
puter user to learn to use, and only slightly longer for
the person inexperienced with computers.
It is suggested that you slowly run through the tutor-
ial first, performing the operations suggested, then read
the following comments for a description of the visual
calculator. This program is intended to be much more comp-
rehensive than the little on-screen calculators that have
become popular, but it is not memory resident. Due to the
expected future popularity of such programs as "Windows",
this program can be as convenient as the present memory
resident programs.
The Visual Calculator Tutorial
1. Copy all files to another working diskette with your
operating system or to a single directory on your hard
disk.
2. Type VC <return>
You will get the beginning screen containing the vari-
able boxes and the help box at the top. The center of the
screen contains the transcript box, and at the bottom you
will find the Input box.
3. Type A = 123.45 <return>
You will find that the value is displayed in the top
box and the value will also be displayed at the left of
the input equation in the transcript box.
4. Type B = SQRT(A) <return>
You will find the square root of A displayed in both
places next to the variable B. You may have noticed that
the system doesn't care if you use upper or lower case,
it forces it to upper case. You now have defined some
values for the variables A and B.
5. Type D = 1.23*SIN(SQRT(1.2345 + B*B/A)) <return>
Spaces between variables don't matter and you can put
them in where you desire to make it look nice. If you get
an error message, simply use the left and right cursor
keys along with the delete key to fix up the error and
hit the return again. You don't even have to be at the
end of the line to hit the return.
6. Hit the F6 key then <return>
The F6 requests a file to be read in and if you don't
specify a filename, it reads in the file named "HELP".
This would be a good place to store a list of your other
files in the same manner as this file.
7. Hit the F6 key then type AMORT <return>
This reads in the file named "AMORT" and calculates
each line as it reads it in. Notice that it also changed
the names of the variables that it uses to make them more
meaningful to you.
8. Type PRINC = 30000 <return>
This changes the amount of the loan. We would like to
recalculate the payment which we will in the next few steps.
9. Move the arrow up to the line that starts "PMNT=..." by
using the up and down arrow keys. When the arrow is point-
ing at the line in question,...
10. Hit the F9 key.
This moves the line pointed at, by the little arrow,
into the input box where it can be modified or used again
as is.
11. Hit the <return> key.
This will recalculate the payment based on the new
principal and the old interest rates and time of repay-
ment. These could also be changed and the payment
recalculated.
12. Make sure your printer is ready and hit the F3 key.
This will cause a "Print on" message to be printed on
your printer and a little "Print" message to be displayed
in the upper right of your screen. All equations and the
results will be printed for a hardcopy of your calculating
session.
13. Hit the F6 key again
You will get another prompt for a file name.
14. Type PAYMENT <return>
This file will be read in that will give you the results
of your mortgage after the first payment. The results will
also be printed out.
15. Hit the F6 key again and <return>
The last file read in will be reused again and the result
of making the second payment will be displayed on the moni-
tor and the printer.
16. Repeat step 15 three or four times.
17. Hit the F1 key.
A help screen will appear describing the various math
functions available. They can be nested to whatever level
you desire.
18. Hit the F2 key.
A help screen will appear with a very brief description
of the system functions available.
19. Hit the "Home" key.
You will be immediately transported to the very top of
the transcript where the welcome message was originally
seen. The Pgup, Pgdn, Home, and End keys will get you
through the transcript window very quickly.
20. Move the little arrow to the line that starts "# A-PRINC",
and hit the F4 key once.
You will see that the asterisk appears in front of the
line. This will "mark" the line. Continuing to hit the F4
key will toggle the asterisk on and off.
21. Move the arrow to the line that starts "# E-EQUITY" and mark
this line too.
22. Hit the F5 key
The system is now prompting you for a file name to
output to.
23. Type STUFF <return>
This is simply a filename. Any valid filename could be
used. All lines in the transcript box that are "marked"
will be output to the file "STUFF".
24. Hit the F6 key and type STUFF <return>
All of the lines that were just output will be read in
and all calculations will be done.
25. Hit the F3 key if the printer is still on.
26. Hit the F6 key and <return>
The file will be read in again without printing.
27. Hit the F10 key and answer the prompt with Y to end the
session.
28. Type VC <return> again to restart the program.
29. Hit the F6 key, type TEST <return>
A file with 50 lines will be read in and all calcu-
lations performed as an example of the kinds of equations
that can be evaluated.
30. Type the following; # I-D J-O K-H L-X <return>
This tells the system that we want the variable "I" to
print out in Decimal notation, the variable "J" to print
out in Octal notation, and "K" and "L" to print out in
HeXadecimal notation. (Note - the # must be in the first
column.)
31. Type I = 12345 <return>
The variable I will be displayed in all three notations
in the top box and in decimal notation in the transcript
box.
32. Type J = 12345 <return>
The variable J will be displayed in Octal notation in
the transcript box and on the printer if it is turned
on and ready.
33. Type K = 12345 <return>
The variable K will be displayed in Hex notation in the
transcript box.
34. Type I = 012345 <return>
The value of I is read in as an octal value due to the
leading zero, but is still displayed as a decimal value.
35. Type J = 0X12345 <return>
The value of J is read in as a hexadecimal value due to
the leading 0X.
36. Type M = 0XFFFF <return>
The variable M is read in as Hexadecimal and displayed
in all three formats in the top box, but as decimal in the
transcript box. The default display for the integers is
decimal.
37. Type I = SQRT(48) <return>
The square root is calculated using 15 significant
digits and the result is truncated to the next lower
value. All calculations are done this way and the result
is truncated to the integer value before display.
38. Type A = FACT(170)/FACT(169) - 170 <return>
The very small result will indicate to you a measure
of the accuracy of calculations. It may not be apparent
to you that we are using a factorial function. Calculate
the value of FACT(170) to get an idea of the dynamic
range available with this system.
39. Hit the F10 key and answer the prompt with Y.
40. Restart the program and try some of your favorite math
exercises.
Additional Comments
1. Files on the distribution disk.
VC.DOC - The file you are reading.
VC.EXE - The executable file for the Visual Calculator.
HELP - The users index of files.
AMORT - The loan amortization equations.
PAYMENT - The monthly payment calculations.
TEST - A group of 50 "nonsense" equations.
2. Inputting equations.
All equations are typed into the input box in a normal
mathematical expression. Only single valued expressions
can be evaluated, no simultaneous equations can be solved
with this system.
To raise "A" to the power of "B", use;
C = EXP(B*LOG(A)) $ any variables can be used
A dollar sign anywhere in a line renders the remainder
of that line as a comment only.
Nesting is allowable to any depth but the entire expres-
sion must fit in the input window. Longer expressions must
be broken down into smaller statements.
The variables "I" through "J" can be mixed in with the
variables "A" through "F" in any manner. The "I" variables
are truncated after evaluation so can only be used to
store integer values, but that would be acceptable in many
cases, such as the original value of the loan in the above
example.
3. Naming variables
In order to make the equations easier to read, the names
of the variables "A" through "F" can be changed to any
names you like with up to 6 characters. The first must be
alphabetic and the rest can be alphabetic or numeric. To
change the names, use the # sign in the first column of the
statement and any order of variable name groups. A variable
group is composed of a variable name "A" through "F", then
a minus sign, and finally the new name with no blanks any-
where in the group. Any number of blanks can be used between
the groups, and you can put as many as you like on one input
line, and additional groups on other lines.
Intermixed with the above, or placed on their own input
line, you can put as many "base" groups as you like for the
variables "I" through "N". A base group consists of the
variable name, a minus sign, and one of the letters, "D",
"O", "H", or "X".
If, after naming the variables, you wish to rename them
to something else, the original names are used for the new
name changes. Thus if "A" were named "PLACE" and you wished
to rename it to "WHERE" the proper method would be to use
"# A-WHERE".
4. Limitations
This version of the Visual Calculator has a limit of
approximately 800 lines in the transcript box. That should
be enough for most applications. If you need more, I would
suggest you write the program in a high level language.
The limit of numbers is about ten to the plus or minus
power of 308. Of course both positive and negative numbers
can be used everywhere. The limit for the "I" variables is
about 16 million, and can only be zero or positive. The
exact number in 2 to the 24th power minus 1. It is the
number displayed in the variable "N" when you load the
system.
The biggest limitation of the system is the limit of your
own creativity. It is up to you to use it in a productive
manner or simply to allow it to collect dust like so many
of your other programs. I might add that I also have many
dust collectors that I have failed to learn to use.
Directory of PC-SIG Library Disk #0817
Volume in drive A has no label
Directory of A:\
AMORT 136 2-01-88 12:00p
ANYFILE C 552 2-01-88 12:00p
BACKWARD C 678 2-01-88 12:00p
BETTERIN C 609 2-01-88 12:00p
BIGARRAY C 505 2-01-88 12:00p
BIGDYNL C 1184 2-01-88 12:00p
BITFIELD C 417 2-01-88 12:00p
BITOPS C 932 2-01-88 12:00p
BREAKCON C 374 2-01-88 12:00p
CHARCLAS C 1068 2-01-88 12:00p
CHAROUT C 519 2-01-88 12:00p
CHRSTRG C 405 2-01-88 12:00p
COMMENTS C 466 2-01-88 12:00p
COMPARES C 1701 2-01-88 12:00p
COMPILER DOC 10887 2-01-88 12:00p
CRYPTIC C 1566 2-01-88 12:00p
DATA C 15473 2-01-88 12:00p
DEFIN H 2636 2-01-88 12:00p
DEFINE C 511 2-01-88 12:00p
DOSEX C 9459 2-01-88 12:00p
DOWHILE C 248 2-01-88 12:00p
DUMBCONV C 456 2-01-88 12:00p
DYNLINK C 2083 2-01-88 12:00p
DYNLIST C 1407 2-01-88 12:00p
ENUM C 537 2-01-88 12:00p
FILE C 10273 2-01-88 12:00p
FILES817 TXT 1317 2-16-88 9:34a
FIRSTEX C 119 2-01-88 12:00p
FLOATSQ C 746 2-01-88 12:00p
FLOATSQ2 C 847 2-01-88 12:00p
FORLOOP C 242 2-01-88 12:00p
FORMOUT C 414 2-01-88 12:00p
GO BAT 38 8-10-87 12:02p
GO TXT 386 8-10-87 2:59p
GOODFORM C 310 2-01-88 12:00p
GOTOEX C 1047 2-01-88 12:00p
HELP 169 2-01-88 12:00p
IFELSE C 483 2-01-88 12:00p
INMEM C 588 2-01-88 12:00p
INTARRAY C 310 2-01-88 12:00p
INTASIGN C 708 2-01-88 12:00p
INTIN C 366 2-01-88 12:00p
LIST C 1666 2-01-88 12:00p
LIST EXE 10428 2-01-88 12:00p
LIST PRJ 13 2-01-88 12:00p
LISTF C 6707 2-01-88 12:00p
LOTTYPES C 1920 2-01-88 12:00p
MACRO C 924 2-01-88 12:00p
MORTYPES C 705 2-01-88 12:00p
MULTIARY C 687 2-01-88 12:00p
NESTED C 877 2-01-88 12:00p
ONEINT C 230 2-01-88 12:00p
PASSBACK C 1021 2-01-88 12:00p
PAYMENT 107 2-01-88 12:00p
POINTER C 505 2-01-88 12:00p
POINTER2 C 834 2-01-88 12:00p
PRINTALL BAT 2006 2-01-88 12:00p
PRINTDAT C 615 2-01-88 12:00p
READ ME 4718 2-01-88 12:00p
READCHAR C 480 2-01-88 12:00p
READGOOD C 447 2-01-88 12:00p
READLINE C 442 2-01-88 12:00p
READTEXT C 427 2-01-88 12:00p
RECURSON C 322 2-01-88 12:00p
SCOPE C 1375 2-01-88 12:00p
SHIFTER C 584 2-01-88 12:00p
SIMPLEIO C 472 2-01-88 12:00p
SINGLEIO C 377 2-01-88 12:00p
SPECIAL C 810 2-01-88 12:00p
SQUARES C 502 2-01-88 12:00p
STRINGIN C 400 2-01-88 12:00p
STRINGS C 654 2-01-88 12:00p
STRUCT DEF 1122 2-01-88 12:00p
STRUCT1 C 645 2-01-88 12:00p
STRUCT2 C 678 2-01-88 12:00p
STRUCT3 C 791 2-01-88 12:00p
SUMSQRES C 866 2-01-88 12:00p
SWITCH C 714 2-01-88 12:00p
TEMPCONV C 1334 2-01-88 12:00p
TEST 1154 2-01-88 12:00p
TEST BAT 617 2-01-88 12:00p
TRIVIAL C 14 2-01-88 12:00p
TWOWAY C 727 2-01-88 12:00p
UGLYFORM C 207 2-01-88 12:00p
UNION1 C 478 2-01-88 12:00p
UNION2 C 1870 2-01-88 12:00p
UPLOW C 1108 2-01-88 12:00p
VC C 15299 2-01-88 12:00p
VC DOC 12793 2-01-88 12:00p
VC EXE 34024 2-01-88 12:00p
VC PRJ 23 2-01-88 12:00p
VIDEO C 12235 2-01-88 12:00p
WHATNEXT C 3506 2-01-88 12:00p
WHILE C 266 2-01-88 12:00p
WRTMORE C 173 2-01-88 12:00p
WRTSOME C 63 2-01-88 12:00p
96 file(s) 205134 bytes
63488 bytes free