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Information about “PSEUDOSAM CROSS ASSEMBLER 18 AND 65”
PSEUDOSAM 18 and 65 are machine language cross-assembler programs for
the RCA 1802, 4, 5, 6, and 6502 microprocessors. These programs let
you construct 1802 and 6502 code on your IBM PC, to be transferred to
an 1802 or 6502-based system for use.
The PSEUDOSAM (Pseudo brand Symbolic AsseMbler) assemblers conform to
common syntax based on the UNIX system V assembler syntax. The opcode
and addressing syntax is compatible with the manufacturer's, but label,
directive, and expression operator syntax will differ.
The author of PSEUDOSAM chose this syntax because of UNIX's popularity,
and to avoid the problem of maintaining compatibility with the many OEM
assemblers. The documentation is well organized and easy to understand,
although no attempt is made to teach 1802 or 6502 programming. You
should have a good understanding of machine language programming and
also be familiar with basic DOS functions.
EXAMPLE.ASM
; To become familiar with the segment feature you
; should assemble this file with and without the
; single object module swicth enabled.
;
; a18 -o example ;two object module files
; code.seg
; foo.seg
;
; a18 example ;one object module file example.obj
.org 0 ;comment test
.db 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 ;define byte test
lab1: ;label only test
;blank line and comment only test
.dw 1,32000 ;define word test
.rs 10 ;reserve storage test
.dw 1+lab1 ;add test
.dw lab1-1 ;subtract test
.dw 1*lab1 ;multiply test
.dw 'k' ;character test
.db 1,d'6,077,o'77,q'77,0x77,h'77,x'aa,x'a,b'1111,b'1 ;radix test
.db "k" ;string test--should give no error
.db "\n\t\b\r\f\\\'\0\145" ;string escape test sequence
.dw 1 << 15 ;8000
.dw x'8000 >> 15 ;0001
.dw ~x'ffff ;0000
.dw -1 ;ffff
.page
.dw 10 /2 ;5
.eject
.dw 32000/2000 ;16
.dw 27 %5 ;modulus = 2
.dw x'5555 ~ x'5555 ;ffff
.dw x'5555 | x'aaaa ;ffff
.dw x'5555 ^ x'aaaa ;ffff
start: .dw x'5555 ^ x'5555 ;0000
.dw x'5555 & x'aaaa ;0000
.dw x'5555 & x'5555 ;5555
.dw 32000 + 1 ;large positive
.dw -32000 + 1 ;small negative
.dw 5 + - 3 * 2 /3 ;complex expression
.dw 5 + (-3)*2/3 ;
.dw lab2
.dw lab2+1 ;test expression sync
.code ;extraneous switch to current segment
.segment foo
foo
.org x'ff
.db 1,2
.code
.db 3,4
foo
lab2: .db,5,6
.set lab3,lab2
.equ lab3,start
synctest: .DIRECT +h88 +w132
.end start
LEVELI.DOC
PseudoSam Assembler Manual Level I
Copyright(c) 1986,87,88 PseudoCorp
All right reserved!
Disclaimer:
PseudoSam software is distributed as is, with no guarantee that
it will work correctly in all situations. In no event will the
Author be liable for any damages, including lost profits,
lost savings or other incidental or consequential damages
arising out of the use of or inability to use these
programs, even if the Author has been advised of the
possibility of such damages, or for any claim by any other
party.
It is the users reponsibility to back up all important files!
See copyright information in appendix B
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 PseudoSam Assemblers vs. other assemblers.
Chapter 2 Running the assembler program.
Chapter 3 Assembler statement syntax.
Chapter 4 Data types.
Chapter 5 Expressions.
Chapter 6 Assembler Directives.
(also known as assembler pseudo-opcodes, or pseudo-ops)
Appendix A ASCII character set.
Appendix B Copyright information.
Chapter 1 PseudoSam assemblers vs. other assemblers
All PseudoSam(Pseudo brand Symbolic AsseMbler) assemblers conform to
a common syntax based on the UNIX system V assembler syntax. By
conforming to this Pseudo standard, conflicts with the manufacturers
syntax are created.
* The difference between another assembler's name and the PseudoSam name
of an assembler directive can be circumvented by the .opdef
directive.
example
.opdef eject,.eject ;defines eject to be synonymous with .eject
.opdef fcc,.db ;fcc will now form constant characters as it
;should.
* A file syn.asm is distributed with the assembler with some useful
redefinitions.
Unix system V is a trademark of AT & T.
Chapter 2 Running the assembler program
1. Command line switch setting and source file specification.
Assuming the user has an assembly language source file called foo.asm
type the following command:
aXX foo
where the PseudoSam assembler number is substituted for XX.
The assembler will assemble the program foo.asm using the default
assembler switch settings. the following files will be generated
by the assembler:
foo.lst ;assembled listing shown the code conversion and
; any errors that where discover by the assembler.
foo.obj ;assembled object code in Hex format.
** for a list of switch setting see the .command assembler directive
description in chapter 6.
*** The assembler uses the following temporary file names.
z0z0z0z0.tmp
z1z1z1z1.tmp
ANY files with these names will be DESTROYED by the
by the assembler.
Chapter 3 Assembler statement syntax
1. Assembler Statements
Assembler statements contain from zero to 4 fields as shown in
following.
<label> <opcode> <expressions> <comment>
All fields are optional, but they must be in this order.
A. Labels (<label>) are symbolic names that are assigned the starting
address of any code generated by the opcode and or expressions
of the line containing the label declaration.(see section 2).
B. Operation codes(<opcode>) tell the assembler what machine instruction
to generate, or what assembler control function to perform.
The operation code also tells the assembler what expressions are
required to complete the machine instruction or assembler directive.
(see chapter 6).
C. Expression requirements are set by the opcode(see the microprocessor
manufacturers reference manual or the assembler directives chapter
for individual opcode requirements).(see chapter 5).
D. Comments are notes written by the programmer to explain what the
program is trying to accomplish. Comments generate no code.
(see section 3).
2. Labels
Labels can be unlimited in length, but only the first eight characters
are used to distinguish between them. They must conform to the
following syntax.
<label> -> <identifier>':'
<identifier> -> <alphabetic character> <identifier character string>
<alphabetic character> -> character in the set ['A'..'Z', 'a'..'z', '.']
<identifier character string> -> any sequence of characters from the
set ['A'..'Z','a'..'z', '.', '0'..'9']
example
abc: ;label referred to as abc
a c: ;not a valid label
foo: ;label referred to as foo
.123: ;label referred to as .123
* Case makes NO difference!
d: ;is the same as
D:
3. Comments
Comments must start with a semi-colon ; and are terminated
by an end of line or file( <lf>(^J) or <sub>(^Z) ). An end
of line is inserted by typing the enter or return key by
most text editors.
Chapter 4 Data types
1. Integers
Integer constants can be specified in any of the following forms:
A. Binary
b'bb ;bb=string of binary digits
B'bb
B. Decimal
ndd
d'dd ;n=nozero decimal digit
D'dd ;dd=string of decimal digits
C. Octal
0qq ;qq=string of octal digits
o'qq
O'qq
q'qq
Q'qq
D. Hexidecimal
0x'hh ;hh=string of hexidecimal digits
0X'hh
h'hh
H'hh
x'hh
X'hh
Examples:
077 ;octal number 77 = decimal 63
b'0101 ;binary number 101 = decimal 5
77 ;decimal number 77 = octal 115
h'ff ;hexidecimal ff = decimal 255
2. Strings:
Strings consist of a beginning quote " followed by any reasonable number
of characters followed by an ending quote ". Control characters and double
quotes " and backslash \ may not be used in strings directly. These
special characters are included by using a special escape sequence which
the assembler translates into the appropriate ASCII code.
Note: Strings may not be used in expressions!
Although character constants may(see below).
Escape sequences
"\"" string containing "
"\\" string containing \
"\'" string containing '
"\0" string containing null
"\n" string containing linefeed
"\r" string containing carriage return
"\f" string containing formfeed
"\t" string containing horizontal tab
"\nnn" string containing the ASCII character who's code is o'nnn
(nnn are octal digits).
* see appendix A for ASCII codes.
3. Character Constants:
Character constants consist of a single quote ' followed by
a character or an escape sequence(see above) followed by a
single quote '.
example:
'A' = ASCII character value for the letter A = 65 (decimal);
'\''= ASCII character value for the character ' = 39 (decimal).
Character constants are treated as integers by the assembler and
are valid where ever an integer value is valid.
example:
'A' + 1 = 66
* see appendix A for ASCII codes.
4. Symbolic values
Symbolic values are generally labels, but may be any identifier
assigned an integer value(using .set or .equ pseudo-ops).
As a special case the symbol * when used as an operand in an
expression denotes the value of the location counter (the value
the program counter will have during operation) at the beginning
of the current line.
Chapter 5 Expressions
All expressions evaluate to integer values modulo 65536(2^16) and are
written in infix notation(the way you normally write them). Operators
provided are grouped below in order of precedence.
1. (unary)
~ logical bit wise complement(not) of its operand(one's complement).
- arithemetic complement, or negation(two's complement).
2. (binary)
* integer multiply (two's complement).
/ integer divide (two's complement).
% modulus (result is always positive)
>> logical shift right (left operand shifted right operand times).
<< logical shift left (left operand shifted right operand times).
~ equivalent to A or ( ~B ).
3. (binary)
| logical bitwise or(inclusive-or) of two operands.
^ logical bitwise exclusive-or of two operands.
& logical bitwise and of two operands.
4. (binary)
+ addition (two's complement).
- subtraction (two's complement).
Since this version does not generate relocatable code there exists only
one "type" of operand that can be in an expression. So anything goes
except divide by 0(1 will be substituted ).
examples:
-1 = h'ffff (two's complement notation).
-1 >> 8 = h'00ff
-1 << 8 = h'ff00
3 / 2 = 1
6 / 2 = 3
5 / 0 = 5
-2 / 1 = -2
-3 /-2 = 1
2 * -3 = -6
b'00 & b'11 = 0
b'11 & b'10 = 2
2 * b'01 & b'10 = 2
b'01 ^ b'11 = 2
b'01 | b'11 = 3
Notice that spaces are ignored in expressions.
Chapter 6 Assembler Directives
(also known as assembler Pseudo-opcodes)
The assembler recognizes the following directives:
directive section description
.command 1 ;set assembly options(similar to command line options).
.org 2 ;set program origin.
.equ 3 ;equate an identifier to an expression(permanent
; assignment).
.set 4 ;equate and identifier to an expression(temporary
; assignment).
.rs 5 ;reserve storage(memory) space.
.db 6 ;define byte.
.dw 7 ;define word(16 bit).
.drw 8 ;define reversed word(16 bit).
.eject 9 ;form feed in listing
.page 10 ;align location counter on 256 byte memory
; page boundary.
.end 11 ;end of program
.opdef 12 ;equate an identifier with another identifier.
.segment 13 ;define a memory segment.
<segment name>
14 ;select segment <segment name> as current segment.
.null 15 ;this is a comment statement.
1. .command <optionlist> ;allows the programmer to set option switches
;in the same manner as on the command line.
;(the command line is the line typed to run
; this program).
<optionlist> -> <option> ' ' <optionlist>
<optionlist> ->
<option> -> '-'<available option>
<option> -> '+'<available option>
<available option> -> 'a'<decimal number> ;Hex hode format.
;i => Intel Hex.
<available option> -> 'w'<decimal number> ;page width in columns(characters).
;(-,+ are ignored but one must be
; there).
<available option> -> 'h'<decimal number> ;page height in lines.
;(-,+ are ignored but one must be
; there).
<available option> -> 'l' ;listing on(+) or off(-)
;if set on command line it overrides
;all listing controls in program.
<available option> -> 'm'<decimal number> ;Machine level.
;1 => 6800,2,8.
;2 => 6801,3.
<available option> -> 's' ;symbol listing on(+) or off(-).
<available option> -> 'o' ;selects single object module
;file only(+), or multiple object
;module files(-)(one for each
;defined segment in the program).
<available option> -> 't'<drive> ;specifies which drive to create
;all temporary files on(-,+ are
; ignored but one must be there).
;ONLY active on command line!
<available option> -> 'p'<drive> ;specifies which drive to create
;the listing file on(-,+ are
; ignored but one must be there).
;ONLY active on command line!
<drive> -> <drive name>':' ;e.g. a: b: c: d:
;MS-DOS
<drive name> -> 'a' ;drive a --usually a floppy disk
<drive name> -> 'b' ;drive b --usually a second floppy disk
<drive name> -> 'c' ;drive c --usually a hard disk, but may
be a ram disk.
<drive name> -> 'd' ;drive d --usually a ram disk, but may
be a hard disk.
** The default options are:
Intel: -a1 -m1 -w132 -h66 +l +s +o
Motorola: -a2 -m1 -w132 -h66 +l +s +o
2. .org <integer expression> ;sets the assembler location counter
;to the value of expression.
;The expression MUST be evaluatable
;on the first pass. NO FORWARD
;REFERENCES!
3. .equ <identifier> ',' <integer expression>
;gives identifier the value of the
;integer expression.
;<identifier> canNOT be redefined!
;also forward references are allowed
;as long as they are resolved by the
;second pass.
4. .set <identifier> ',' <integer expression>
;gives identifier the value of the
;integer expression.
;<identifier> CAN be redefined later
; in the program!
;also forward references are allowed
;as long as they are resolved by the
;second pass.
5. .rs <integer expression> ;increments the location counter
;by the value of <integer expresson>
;effectively reserving that many bytes
;of memory.
6. .db <expression-string list>
<expression-string list> -> <expression>','<expression-string list>
<expression-string list> -> <string>','<expression-string list>
<expression-string list> -> <expression>
<expression-string list> -> <string>
;creates a byte in the machine code
;for each <expression> in the list
;and a byte for each ascii character
;in the a string.
7. .dw <expression list>
<expression list> -> <expression>','<expression list>
<expression list> -> <expression>
;creates a word(16 bit) in the machine code
;for each <expression> in the list.
;MOST significant byte is stored at LOWER
;address.
8. .drw <expression list>
<expression list> -> <expression>','<expression list>
<expression list> -> <expression>
;creates a word(16 bit) in the machine code
;for each <expression> in the list.
;LEAST significant byte is stored at LOWER
;address.
9. .eject ;causes a form-feed character to be
;inserted in listing.(new listing page)
10. .page ;increments location counter to next
;256 byte page boundary.
11. .end <integer expression> ;signals the end of the source program.
;the optional expression, if supplied,
;specifies the start address of the
;program, and is included in the
;Hex object module output
;of the active segment when the .end
;was encountered.
12. .opdef <identifier>,<identifier>
;assigns the current definition of
;the second <identifier> to the
;first <identifier>.
;useful for renaming opcodes and
;pseudo-ops.
13. .segment <identifier> ',' <integer expression>
;defines a memory segment name.
;used to separate memory allocation
;and optionally generate seperate
;object files.(see 'o' assembly
;directive to activate).
;(used to seperate RAM, ROM, or
; ROMS)
;the optional <integer expression> is
;added to the location counter to
;offset the load address supplied
;in the object module. (does not
;affect listings addresses!)
;
;note: .code is the predefined default
;segment and cannot be redefined.
14. <segment name> ;selects the segment <segment name>
;as the current memory segment.
;The location old segment location counter
;is saved and the previous value of the
;newly selected segments location counter
;is used(0 if not previously used).
15. .null ;directs the assembler to treat this
;statement as a comment. Useful to
;nullify opcodes when used in conjunction
;with the .opdef pseudo-op.
Appendix A ASCII character set
dec oct hex char dec oct hex char dec oct hex char dec oct hex char
0 000 00 ^@ null 32 040 20 sp 64 100 40 @ 96 140 60 `
1 001 01 ^A soh 33 041 21 ! 65 101 41 A 97 141 61 a
2 002 02 ^B stx 34 042 22 " 66 102 42 B 98 142 62 b
3 003 03 ^C etx 35 043 23 # 67 103 43 C 99 143 63 c
4 004 04 ^D eot 36 044 24 $ 68 104 44 D 100 144 64 d
5 005 05 ^E enq 37 045 25 % 69 105 45 E 101 145 65 e
6 006 06 ^F ack 38 046 26 & 70 106 46 F 102 146 66 f
7 007 07 ^G bel 39 047 27 ' 71 107 47 G 103 147 67 g
8 010 08 ^H bs 40 050 28 ( 72 110 48 H 104 150 68 h
9 011 09 ^I ht 41 051 29 ) 73 111 49 I 105 151 69 i
10 012 0A ^J lf 42 052 2A * 74 112 4A J 106 152 6A j
11 013 0B ^K vt 43 053 2B + 75 113 4B K 107 153 6B k
12 014 0C ^L ff 44 054 2C , 76 114 4C L 108 154 6C l
13 015 0D ^M cr 45 055 2D - 77 115 4D M 109 155 6D m
14 016 0E ^N so 46 056 2E . 78 116 4E N 110 156 6E n
15 017 0F ^O si 47 057 2F / 79 117 4F O 111 157 6F o
16 020 10 ^P dle 48 060 30 0 80 120 50 P 112 160 70 p
17 021 11 ^Q dc1 49 061 31 1 81 121 51 Q 113 161 71 q
18 022 12 ^R dc2 50 062 32 2 82 122 52 R 114 162 72 r
19 023 13 ^S dc3 51 063 33 3 83 123 53 S 115 163 73 s
20 024 14 ^T dc4 52 064 34 4 84 124 54 T 116 164 74 t
21 025 15 ^U nak 53 065 35 5 85 125 55 U 117 165 75 u
22 026 16 ^V syn 54 066 36 6 86 126 56 V 118 166 76 v
23 027 17 ^W etb 55 067 37 7 87 127 57 W 119 167 77 w
24 030 18 ^X can 56 070 38 8 88 130 58 X 120 170 78 x
25 031 19 ^Y em 57 071 39 9 89 131 59 Y 121 171 79 y
26 032 1A ^Z sub 58 072 3A : 90 132 5A Z 122 172 7A z
27 033 1B ^[ esc 59 073 3B ; 91 133 5B [ 123 173 7B {
28 034 1C ^\ fs 60 074 3C < 92 134 5C \ 124 174 7C |
29 035 1D ^] gs 61 075 3D = 93 135 5D ] 125 175 7D }
30 036 1E ^^ rs 62 076 3E > 94 136 5E ^ 126 176 7E ~
31 037 1F ^_ us 63 077 3F ? 95 137 5F _ 127 176 7F del
^ denotes control key simultaneous with character key.
Appendix B Copyright Information:
Disclaimer:
PseudoSam software is distributed as is, with no guarantee that it
will work correctly in all situations. In no event will the
Author be liable for any damages, including lost profits,
lost savings or other incidental or consequential damages
arising out of the use of or inability to use these
programs, even if the Author has been advised of the
possibility of such damages, or for any claim by any other
party.
Copyright Information:
The entire PseudoSam distribution package, consisting of
the main program, documentation files, and various data and
utility files, is copyright (c) 1986, by PseudoCorp.
The author reserves the exclusive right to distribute this
package, or any part thereof, for profit.
The name "PseudoSam (tm)", applied to an assembler
program, is a trade mark of the PseudoCorp.
PseudoSam version 1.x.xx and various subsidiary files may be
copied freely by individuals for non-commercial purposes. It
is expected that those who find the package useful will
purchase the commercial version.
ONLY UNMODIFIED VERSIONS DISPLAYING THE AUTHORS COPYRIGHT
MAY BE COPIED.
User groups and clubs are authorized to distribute PseudoSam
software under the following conditions:
1. No charge is made for the software or documentation. A
nominal distribution fee may be charged, provided that
it is no more than $10 total.
3. The program and documentation are not modified in ANY
way, and are distributed together.
MNEMLEV1.ASM
.org 0 ;comment test
.db 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 ;define byte test
lab1: ;label only test
;blank line and comment only test
.dw 1,32000 ;define word test
.rs 10 ;reserve storage test
.dw 1+lab1 ;add test
.dw lab1-1 ;subtract test
.dw 1*lab1 ;multiply test
.dw 'k' ;character test
.db 1,d'6,077,o'77,q'77,0x77,h'77,x'aa,x'a,b'1111,b'1 ;radix test
.db "k" ;string test--should give no error
.db "\n\t\b\r\f\\\'\0\145" ;string escape test sequence
.dw 1 << 15 ;8000
.dw x'8000 >> 15 ;0001
.dw ~x'ffff ;0000
.dw -1 ;ffff
.page
.dw 10 /2 ;5
.eject
.dw 32000/2000 ;16
.dw 27 %5 ;modulus = 2
.dw x'5555 ~ x'5555 ;ffff
.dw x'5555 | x'aaaa ;ffff
.dw x'5555 ^ x'aaaa ;ffff
start: .dw x'5555 ^ x'5555 ;0000
.dw x'5555 & x'aaaa ;0000
.dw x'5555 & x'5555 ;5555
.dw 32000 + 1 ;large positive
.dw -32000 + 1 ;small negative
.dw 5 + - 3 * 2 /3 ;complex expression
.dw 5 + (-3)*2/3 ;
.dw lab2
.dw lab2+1 ;test expression sync
.code ;extraneous switch to current segment
.segment foo
foo
.org x'ff
.db 1,2
.code
.db 3,4
foo
lab2: .db,5,6
.set lab3,lab2
.equ lab3,start
codetst: LDN 1
LDA 1
LDX
LDXA
LDI 1
STR 1
STXD
INC 1
DEC 1
IRX
GLO 1
PLO 1
GHI 1
PHI 1
OR
ORI 1
XOR
XRI 1
AND
ANI 1
SHR
SHRC
RSHR
SHL
SHLC
RSHL
ADD
ADI 1
ADC
ADCI 1
SD
SDI 1
SDB
SDBI 1
SM
SMI 1
testbr: SMB
SMBI 1
BR testbr
NBR
BZ testbr
BNZ testbr
BDF testbr
BPZ testbr
BGE testbr
BNF testbr
BM testbr
BL testbr
BQ testbr
BNQ testbr
B1 testbr
BN1 testbr
B2 testbr
BN2 testbr
B3 testbr
BN3 testbr
B4 testbr
BN4 testbr
LBR testbr
NLBR
LBZ testbr
LBNZ testbr
LBDF testbr
LBNF testbr
LBQ testbr
LBNQ testbr
SKP
LSKP
LSZ
LSNZ
LSDF
LSNF
LSQ
LSNQ
LSIE
IDL
NOP
SEP 1
SEX 1
SEQ
REQ
SAV
MARK
RET
DIS
OUT 1
INP 1
synctest:
.end start
MNEMLEV2.ASM
.direct -m2 ;1805a instruction set enabled
.org 0 ;comment test
.db 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 ;define byte test
lab1: ;label only test
;blank line and comment only test
.dw 1,32000 ;define word test
.rs 10 ;reserve storage test
.dw 1+lab1 ;add test
.dw lab1-1 ;subtract test
.dw 1*lab1 ;multiply test
.dw 'k' ;character test
.db 1,d'6,077,o'77,q'77,0x77,h'77,x'aa,x'a,b'1111,b'1 ;radix test
.db "k" ;string test--should give no error
.db "\n\t\b\r\f\\\'\0\145" ;string escape test sequence
.dw 1 << 15 ;8000
.dw x'8000 >> 15 ;0001
.dw ~x'ffff ;0000
.dw -1 ;ffff
.page
.dw 10 /2 ;5
.eject
.dw 32000/2000 ;16
.dw 27 %5 ;modulus = 2
.dw x'5555 ~ x'5555 ;ffff
.dw x'5555 | x'aaaa ;ffff
.dw x'5555 ^ x'aaaa ;ffff
start: .dw x'5555 ^ x'5555 ;0000
.dw x'5555 & x'aaaa ;0000
.dw x'5555 & x'5555 ;5555
.dw 32000 + 1 ;large positive
.dw -32000 + 1 ;small negative
.dw 5 + - 3 * 2 /3 ;complex expression
.dw 5 + (-3)*2/3 ;
.dw lab2
.dw lab2+1 ;test expression sync
.code ;extraneous switch to current segment
.segment foo
foo
.org x'ff
.db 1,2
.code
.db 3,4
foo
lab2: .db,5,6
.set lab3,lab2
.equ lab3,start
codetst: LDN 1
LDA 1
LDX
LDXA
LDI 1
STR 1
STXD
INC 1
DEC 1
IRX
GLO 1
PLO 1
GHI 1
PHI 1
OR
ORI 1
XOR
XRI 1
AND
ANI 1
SHR
SHRC
RSHR
SHL
SHLC
RSHL
ADD
ADI 1
ADC
ADCI 1
SD
SDI 1
SDB
SDBI 1
SM
SMI 1
testbr: SMB
SMBI 1
BR testbr
NBR
BZ testbr
BNZ testbr
BDF testbr
BPZ testbr
BGE testbr
BNF testbr
BM testbr
BL testbr
BQ testbr
BNQ testbr
B1 testbr
BN1 testbr
B2 testbr
BN2 testbr
B3 testbr
BN3 testbr
B4 testbr
BN4 testbr
LBR testbr
NLBR
LBZ testbr
LBNZ testbr
LBDF testbr
LBNF testbr
LBQ testbr
LBNQ testbr
SKP
LSKP
LSZ
LSNZ
LSDF
LSNF
LSQ
LSNQ
LSIE
IDL
NOP
SEP 1
SEX 1
SEQ
REQ
SAV
MARK
RET
DIS
OUT 1
INP 1
RLXA r3
RLDI 5,h'ff00
RSXD r0
RNX r1
BCI synctest
BXI synctest
ETQ
LDC
GEC
STPC
DTC
STM
SCM1
SCM2
SPM1
SPM2
XIE
XID
CIE
CID
SCAL 5,synctest
scal rf,testbr
SRET rf
dbnz r1,synctest
dadd
dadi h'99
dadc
daci x'01
dsm
dsmi h'21
dsmb
dsbi h'01
dsav
synctest: .DIRECT +h88 +w132
.end start
EXAMPLE.ASM
; To become familiar with the segment feature you
; should assemble this file with and without the
; single object module swicth enabled.
;
; a65 -o example ;three object module files
; code.seg
; memory.seg
; rom2.seg
;
; a65 example ;one object module file example.obj
.db h'00,o'77,h'77,d'77,77,077
.org h'20 ;start assembly at location 20 hex.
.segment .memory ;declare a new segmemt for ram memory
;allocation
.memory ;select segment .memory as active(locaton counter)
;for the .code segment(created by the assembler) is
;saved for when we switch back.
.org h'8000 ;Ram starts at 8000 hex.
var1: .rs 1 ;variable 1
var16: .rs 2 ;16 bit variable
array: .rs 100*2 ;100 16 bit word array
.eject ;lets start on a fresh page of paper.
;notice that an page eject does not print!
;test list off
.command -l ;this should not print
.db "this is a .db test (fcc on some oem assemblers)"
.command +l ;this also should not print
;this line should print
.code ;switch back to code segment
; origin is where we left off.
loop: .dw loop,loop2
.drw loop,loop2
.equ cr,13 ;equated idienifiers are constant.
.equ tab,9
.set temp,23 ;set identifiers may be re-set.
.set temp,24
.set temp,25
.db 1,2,3,4,5,'p'
.db 6,7,"this is a test\r\n\0"
.dw 1,h'1234
.drw 1,h'1234
.page ;start on a new 256 byte boundary.
loop2: .db loop2 >> 3
.segment .rom2,-x'800 ;my programmer only likes 0..n addresses
.rom2
.org h'800
.db "this is possibly an external rom programmed seperately."
.code
.end loop ;end of assembly, specifying start address.
LEVELI.DOC
PseudoSam Assembler Manual Level I
Copyright(c) 1986,87,88 PseudoCorp
All right reserved!
Disclaimer:
PseudoSam software is distributed as is, with no guarantee that
it will work correctly in all situations. In no event will the
Author be liable for any damages, including lost profits,
lost savings or other incidental or consequential damages
arising out of the use of or inability to use these
programs, even if the Author has been advised of the
possibility of such damages, or for any claim by any other
party.
It is the users reponsibility to back up all important files!
See copyright information in appendix B
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 PseudoSam Assemblers vs. other assemblers.
Chapter 2 Running the assembler program.
Chapter 3 Assembler statement syntax.
Chapter 4 Data types.
Chapter 5 Expressions.
Chapter 6 Assembler Directives.
(also known as assembler pseudo-opcodes, or pseudo-ops)
Appendix A ASCII character set.
Appendix B Copyright information.
Chapter 1 PseudoSam assemblers vs. other assemblers
All PseudoSam(Pseudo brand Symbolic AsseMbler) assemblers conform to
a common syntax based on the UNIX system V assembler syntax. By
conforming to this Pseudo standard, conflicts with the manufacturers
syntax are created.
* The difference between another assembler's name and the PseudoSam name
of an assembler directive can be circumvented by the .opdef
directive.
example
.opdef eject,.eject ;defines eject to be synonymous with .eject
.opdef fcc,.db ;fcc will now form constant characters as it
;should.
* A file syn.asm is distributed with the assembler with some useful
redefinitions.
Unix system V is a trademark of AT & T.
Chapter 2 Running the assembler program
1. Command line switch setting and source file specification.
Assuming the user has an assembly language source file called foo.asm
type the following command:
aXX foo
where the PseudoSam assembler number is substituted for XX.
The assembler will assemble the program foo.asm using the default
assembler switch settings. the following files will be generated
by the assembler:
foo.lst ;assembled listing shown the code conversion and
; any errors that where discover by the assembler.
foo.obj ;assembled object code in Hex format.
** for a list of switch setting see the .command assembler directive
description in chapter 6.
*** The assembler uses the following temporary file names.
z0z0z0z0.tmp
z1z1z1z1.tmp
ANY files with these names will be DESTROYED by the
by the assembler.
Chapter 3 Assembler statement syntax
1. Assembler Statements
Assembler statements contain from zero to 4 fields as shown in
following.
<label> <opcode> <expressions> <comment>
All fields are optional, but they must be in this order.
A. Labels (<label>) are symbolic names that are assigned the starting
address of any code generated by the opcode and or expressions
of the line containing the label declaration.(see section 2).
B. Operation codes(<opcode>) tell the assembler what machine instruction
to generate, or what assembler control function to perform.
The operation code also tells the assembler what expressions are
required to complete the machine instruction or assembler directive.
(see chapter 6).
C. Expression requirements are set by the opcode(see the microprocessor
manufacturers reference manual or the assembler directives chapter
for individual opcode requirements).(see chapter 5).
D. Comments are notes written by the programmer to explain what the
program is trying to accomplish. Comments generate no code.
(see section 3).
2. Labels
Labels can be unlimited in length, but only the first eight characters
are used to distinguish between them. They must conform to the
following syntax.
<label> -> <identifier>':'
<identifier> -> <alphabetic character> <identifier character string>
<alphabetic character> -> character in the set ['A'..'Z', 'a'..'z', '.']
<identifier character string> -> any sequence of characters from the
set ['A'..'Z','a'..'z', '.', '0'..'9']
example
abc: ;label referred to as abc
a c: ;not a valid label
foo: ;label referred to as foo
.123: ;label referred to as .123
* Case makes NO difference!
d: ;is the same as
D:
3. Comments
Comments must start with a semi-colon ; and are terminated
by an end of line or file( <lf>(^J) or <sub>(^Z) ). An end
of line is inserted by typing the enter or return key by
most text editors.
Chapter 4 Data types
1. Integers
Integer constants can be specified in any of the following forms:
A. Binary
b'bb ;bb=string of binary digits
B'bb
B. Decimal
ndd
d'dd ;n=nozero decimal digit
D'dd ;dd=string of decimal digits
C. Octal
0qq ;qq=string of octal digits
o'qq
O'qq
q'qq
Q'qq
D. Hexidecimal
0x'hh ;hh=string of hexidecimal digits
0X'hh
h'hh
H'hh
x'hh
X'hh
Examples:
077 ;octal number 77 = decimal 63
b'0101 ;binary number 101 = decimal 5
77 ;decimal number 77 = octal 115
h'ff ;hexidecimal ff = decimal 255
2. Strings:
Strings consist of a beginning quote " followed by any reasonable number
of characters followed by an ending quote ". Control characters and double
quotes " and backslash \ may not be used in strings directly. These
special characters are included by using a special escape sequence which
the assembler translates into the appropriate ASCII code.
Note: Strings may not be used in expressions!
Although character constants may(see below).
Escape sequences
"\"" string containing "
"\\" string containing \
"\'" string containing '
"\0" string containing null
"\n" string containing linefeed
"\r" string containing carriage return
"\f" string containing formfeed
"\t" string containing horizontal tab
"\nnn" string containing the ASCII character who's code is o'nnn
(nnn are octal digits).
* see appendix A for ASCII codes.
3. Character Constants:
Character constants consist of a single quote ' followed by
a character or an escape sequence(see above) followed by a
single quote '.
example:
'A' = ASCII character value for the letter A = 65 (decimal);
'\''= ASCII character value for the character ' = 39 (decimal).
Character constants are treated as integers by the assembler and
are valid where ever an integer value is valid.
example:
'A' + 1 = 66
* see appendix A for ASCII codes.
4. Symbolic values
Symbolic values are generally labels, but may be any identifier
assigned an integer value(using .set or .equ pseudo-ops).
As a special case the symbol * when used as an operand in an
expression denotes the value of the location counter (the value
the program counter will have during operation) at the beginning
of the current line.
Chapter 5 Expressions
All expressions evaluate to integer values modulo 65536(2^16) and are
written in infix notation(the way you normally write them). Operators
provided are grouped below in order of precedence.
1. (unary)
~ logical bit wise complement(not) of its operand(one's complement).
- arithemetic complement, or negation(two's complement).
2. (binary)
* integer multiply (two's complement).
/ integer divide (two's complement).
% modulus (result is always positive)
>> logical shift right (left operand shifted right operand times).
<< logical shift left (left operand shifted right operand times).
~ equivalent to A or ( ~B ).
3. (binary)
| logical bitwise or(inclusive-or) of two operands.
^ logical bitwise exclusive-or of two operands.
& logical bitwise and of two operands.
4. (binary)
+ addition (two's complement).
- subtraction (two's complement).
Since this version does not generate relocatable code there exists only
one "type" of operand that can be in an expression. So anything goes
except divide by 0(1 will be substituted ).
examples:
-1 = h'ffff (two's complement notation).
-1 >> 8 = h'00ff
-1 << 8 = h'ff00
3 / 2 = 1
6 / 2 = 3
5 / 0 = 5
-2 / 1 = -2
-3 /-2 = 1
2 * -3 = -6
b'00 & b'11 = 0
b'11 & b'10 = 2
2 * b'01 & b'10 = 2
b'01 ^ b'11 = 2
b'01 | b'11 = 3
Notice that spaces are ignored in expressions.
Chapter 6 Assembler Directives
(also known as assembler Pseudo-opcodes)
The assembler recognizes the following directives:
directive section description
.command 1 ;set assembly options(similar to command line options).
.org 2 ;set program origin.
.equ 3 ;equate an identifier to an expression(permanent
; assignment).
.set 4 ;equate and identifier to an expression(temporary
; assignment).
.rs 5 ;reserve storage(memory) space.
.db 6 ;define byte.
.dw 7 ;define word(16 bit).
.drw 8 ;define reversed word(16 bit).
.eject 9 ;form feed in listing
.page 10 ;align location counter on 256 byte memory
; page boundary.
.end 11 ;end of program
.opdef 12 ;equate an identifier with another identifier.
.segment 13 ;define a memory segment.
<segment name>
14 ;select segment <segment name> as current segment.
.null 15 ;this is a comment statement.
1. .command <optionlist> ;allows the programmer to set option switches
;in the same manner as on the command line.
;(the command line is the line typed to run
; this program).
<optionlist> -> <option> ' ' <optionlist>
<optionlist> ->
<option> -> '-'<available option>
<option> -> '+'<available option>
<available option> -> 'a'<decimal number> ;Hex hode format.
;i => Intel Hex.
<available option> -> 'w'<decimal number> ;page width in columns(characters).
;(-,+ are ignored but one must be
; there).
<available option> -> 'h'<decimal number> ;page height in lines.
;(-,+ are ignored but one must be
; there).
<available option> -> 'l' ;listing on(+) or off(-)
;if set on command line it overrides
;all listing controls in program.
<available option> -> 'm'<decimal number> ;Machine level.
;1 => 6800,2,8.
;2 => 6801,3.
<available option> -> 's' ;symbol listing on(+) or off(-).
<available option> -> 'o' ;selects single object module
;file only(+), or multiple object
;module files(-)(one for each
;defined segment in the program).
<available option> -> 't'<drive> ;specifies which drive to create
;all temporary files on(-,+ are
; ignored but one must be there).
;ONLY active on command line!
<available option> -> 'p'<drive> ;specifies which drive to create
;the listing file on(-,+ are
; ignored but one must be there).
;ONLY active on command line!
<drive> -> <drive name>':' ;e.g. a: b: c: d:
;MS-DOS
<drive name> -> 'a' ;drive a --usually a floppy disk
<drive name> -> 'b' ;drive b --usually a second floppy disk
<drive name> -> 'c' ;drive c --usually a hard disk, but may
be a ram disk.
<drive name> -> 'd' ;drive d --usually a ram disk, but may
be a hard disk.
** The default options are:
Intel: -a1 -m1 -w132 -h66 +l +s +o
Motorola: -a2 -m1 -w132 -h66 +l +s +o
2. .org <integer expression> ;sets the assembler location counter
;to the value of expression.
;The expression MUST be evaluatable
;on the first pass. NO FORWARD
;REFERENCES!
3. .equ <identifier> ',' <integer expression>
;gives identifier the value of the
;integer expression.
;<identifier> canNOT be redefined!
;also forward references are allowed
;as long as they are resolved by the
;second pass.
4. .set <identifier> ',' <integer expression>
;gives identifier the value of the
;integer expression.
;<identifier> CAN be redefined later
; in the program!
;also forward references are allowed
;as long as they are resolved by the
;second pass.
5. .rs <integer expression> ;increments the location counter
;by the value of <integer expresson>
;effectively reserving that many bytes
;of memory.
6. .db <expression-string list>
<expression-string list> -> <expression>','<expression-string list>
<expression-string list> -> <string>','<expression-string list>
<expression-string list> -> <expression>
<expression-string list> -> <string>
;creates a byte in the machine code
;for each <expression> in the list
;and a byte for each ascii character
;in the a string.
7. .dw <expression list>
<expression list> -> <expression>','<expression list>
<expression list> -> <expression>
;creates a word(16 bit) in the machine code
;for each <expression> in the list.
;MOST significant byte is stored at LOWER
;address.
8. .drw <expression list>
<expression list> -> <expression>','<expression list>
<expression list> -> <expression>
;creates a word(16 bit) in the machine code
;for each <expression> in the list.
;LEAST significant byte is stored at LOWER
;address.
9. .eject ;causes a form-feed character to be
;inserted in listing.(new listing page)
10. .page ;increments location counter to next
;256 byte page boundary.
11. .end <integer expression> ;signals the end of the source program.
;the optional expression, if supplied,
;specifies the start address of the
;program, and is included in the
;Hex object module output
;of the active segment when the .end
;was encountered.
12. .opdef <identifier>,<identifier>
;assigns the current definition of
;the second <identifier> to the
;first <identifier>.
;useful for renaming opcodes and
;pseudo-ops.
13. .segment <identifier> ',' <integer expression>
;defines a memory segment name.
;used to separate memory allocation
;and optionally generate seperate
;object files.(see 'o' assembly
;directive to activate).
;(used to seperate RAM, ROM, or
; ROMS)
;the optional <integer expression> is
;added to the location counter to
;offset the load address supplied
;in the object module. (does not
;affect listings addresses!)
;
;note: .code is the predefined default
;segment and cannot be redefined.
14. <segment name> ;selects the segment <segment name>
;as the current memory segment.
;The location old segment location counter
;is saved and the previous value of the
;newly selected segments location counter
;is used(0 if not previously used).
15. .null ;directs the assembler to treat this
;statement as a comment. Useful to
;nullify opcodes when used in conjunction
;with the .opdef pseudo-op.
Appendix A ASCII character set
dec oct hex char dec oct hex char dec oct hex char dec oct hex char
0 000 00 ^@ null 32 040 20 sp 64 100 40 @ 96 140 60 `
1 001 01 ^A soh 33 041 21 ! 65 101 41 A 97 141 61 a
2 002 02 ^B stx 34 042 22 " 66 102 42 B 98 142 62 b
3 003 03 ^C etx 35 043 23 # 67 103 43 C 99 143 63 c
4 004 04 ^D eot 36 044 24 $ 68 104 44 D 100 144 64 d
5 005 05 ^E enq 37 045 25 % 69 105 45 E 101 145 65 e
6 006 06 ^F ack 38 046 26 & 70 106 46 F 102 146 66 f
7 007 07 ^G bel 39 047 27 ' 71 107 47 G 103 147 67 g
8 010 08 ^H bs 40 050 28 ( 72 110 48 H 104 150 68 h
9 011 09 ^I ht 41 051 29 ) 73 111 49 I 105 151 69 i
10 012 0A ^J lf 42 052 2A * 74 112 4A J 106 152 6A j
11 013 0B ^K vt 43 053 2B + 75 113 4B K 107 153 6B k
12 014 0C ^L ff 44 054 2C , 76 114 4C L 108 154 6C l
13 015 0D ^M cr 45 055 2D - 77 115 4D M 109 155 6D m
14 016 0E ^N so 46 056 2E . 78 116 4E N 110 156 6E n
15 017 0F ^O si 47 057 2F / 79 117 4F O 111 157 6F o
16 020 10 ^P dle 48 060 30 0 80 120 50 P 112 160 70 p
17 021 11 ^Q dc1 49 061 31 1 81 121 51 Q 113 161 71 q
18 022 12 ^R dc2 50 062 32 2 82 122 52 R 114 162 72 r
19 023 13 ^S dc3 51 063 33 3 83 123 53 S 115 163 73 s
20 024 14 ^T dc4 52 064 34 4 84 124 54 T 116 164 74 t
21 025 15 ^U nak 53 065 35 5 85 125 55 U 117 165 75 u
22 026 16 ^V syn 54 066 36 6 86 126 56 V 118 166 76 v
23 027 17 ^W etb 55 067 37 7 87 127 57 W 119 167 77 w
24 030 18 ^X can 56 070 38 8 88 130 58 X 120 170 78 x
25 031 19 ^Y em 57 071 39 9 89 131 59 Y 121 171 79 y
26 032 1A ^Z sub 58 072 3A : 90 132 5A Z 122 172 7A z
27 033 1B ^[ esc 59 073 3B ; 91 133 5B [ 123 173 7B {
28 034 1C ^\ fs 60 074 3C < 92 134 5C \ 124 174 7C |
29 035 1D ^] gs 61 075 3D = 93 135 5D ] 125 175 7D }
30 036 1E ^^ rs 62 076 3E > 94 136 5E ^ 126 176 7E ~
31 037 1F ^_ us 63 077 3F ? 95 137 5F _ 127 176 7F del
^ denotes control key simultaneous with character key.
Appendix B Copyright Information:
Disclaimer:
PseudoSam software is distributed as is, with no guarantee that it
will work correctly in all situations. In no event will the
Author be liable for any damages, including lost profits,
lost savings or other incidental or consequential damages
arising out of the use of or inability to use these
programs, even if the Author has been advised of the
possibility of such damages, or for any claim by any other
party.
Copyright Information:
The entire PseudoSam distribution package, consisting of
the main program, documentation files, and various data and
utility files, is copyright (c) 1986, by PseudoCorp.
The author reserves the exclusive right to distribute this
package, or any part thereof, for profit.
The name "PseudoSam (tm)", applied to an assembler
program, is a trade mark of the PseudoCorp.
PseudoSam version 1.x.xx and various subsidiary files may be
copied freely by individuals for non-commercial purposes. It
is expected that those who find the package useful will
purchase the commercial version.
ONLY UNMODIFIED VERSIONS DISPLAYING THE AUTHORS COPYRIGHT
MAY BE COPIED.
User groups and clubs are authorized to distribute PseudoSam
software under the following conditions:
1. No charge is made for the software or documentation. A
nominal distribution fee may be charged, provided that
it is no more than $10 total.
3. The program and documentation are not modified in ANY
way, and are distributed together.
MAC.ASM
;some useful macros to help get you started
;Assemble this file and carefully examine the listing
;lo( <expr> ) masks off the least significant byte of <expr>.
define( lo,
changequote([,])[($1) & x'0ff]changequote(`,'))
;hi( <expr> ) isolates the most significant byte of <expr>
define( hi,`($1) >> 8')
.equ test,x'2211
.db lo(test)
.db hi(test)
.end
MNEMTEST.ASM
test1234:
test1235:
.org 0
adc #forward1
adc #h'ff
adc (100),y
adc (100,x)
adc 100
adc 1000
adc 1000,x
adc 1000,y
adc forward1,x
adc h'ff,x
and #forward1
and #h'ff
and (100),y
and (100,x)
and 100
and 1000
and 1000,x
and 1000,y
and forward1,x
and h'ff,x
asl 100
asl 1000
asl 1000,x
asl a
asl forward1,x
asl h'ff,x
bcc reltst
bcs reltst
beq reltst
bit 1000
bit forward1
bit h'ff
reltst: bmi reltst
bne reltst
bpl reltst
brk
bvc reltst
bvs reltst
clc
cld
cli
clv
cmp #forward1
cmp #h'ff
cmp (100),y
cmp (100,x)
cmp 100
cmp 1000
cmp 1000,x
cmp 1000,y
cmp forward1,x
cmp h'ff,x
cpx #forward1
cpx #h'ff
cpx 100
cpx 1000
cpy #forward1
cpy #h'ff
cpy 100
cpy 1000
dec 100
dec 1000
dec 1000,x
dec forward1,x
dec h'ff,x
dex
dey
eor #forward1
eor #h'ff
eor (100),y
eor (100,x)
eor 100
eor 1000
eor 1000,x
eor 1000,y
eor forward1,x
eor h'ff,x
inc 100
inc 1000
inc 1000,x
inc forward1,x
inc h'ff,x
inx
iny
jmp (1000)
jmp 100
jmp 1000
jsr 100
jsr 1000
lda #forward1
lda #h'ff
lda (100),y
lda (100,x)
lda 100
lda 1000
lda 1000,x
lda 1000,y
lda forward1,x
lda h'ff,x
ldx #forward1
ldx #h'ff
ldx 0,y
ldx 100
ldx 100,y
ldx 1000
ldx 1000,y
ldy #forward1
ldy #h'ff
ldy 0,x
ldy 100
ldy 100,x
ldy 1000
ldy 1000,x
lsr 100
lsr 1000
lsr 1000,x
lsr a
lsr forward1,x
lsr h'ff,x
nop
ora #forward1
ora #h'ff
ora (100),y
ora (100,x)
ora 100
ora 1000
ora 1000,x
ora 1000,y
ora forward1,x
ora h'ff,x
pha
php
pla
plp
rol 100
rol 1000
rol 1000,x
rol a
rol forward1,x
rol h'ff,x
ror 100
ror 1000
ror 1000,x
ror a
ror forward1,x
ror h'ff,x
rti
rts
sbc #forward1
sbc #h'ff
sbc (100),y
sbc (100,x)
sbc 100
sbc 1000
sbc 1000,x
sbc 1000,y
sbc forward1,x
sbc h'ff,x
sec
sed
sei
sta (100),y
sta (100,x)
sta 100
sta 1000
sta 1000,x
sta 1000,y
sta forward1,x
sta h'ff,x
stx 100
stx 1000
stx forward1,y
stx h'ff,y
sty 100
sty 1000
sty forward1,x
sty h'ff,x
tax
tay
tsx
txa
txs
tya
synctst1:
adc #forward1
adc #forward2
adc (forward3),y
adc (forward3,x)
adc forward3
adc forward4
adc forward4,x
adc forward4,y
adc forward1,x
adc forward2,x
and #forward1
and #forward2
and (forward3),y
and (forward3,x)
and forward3
and forward4
and forward4,x
and forward4,y
and forward1,x
and forward2,x
asl forward3
asl forward4
asl forward4,x
asl a
asl forward1,x
asl forward2,x
bcc reltst2
bcs reltst2
beq reltst2
bit forward4
bit forward1
bit forward2
reltst2: bmi reltst2
bne reltst2
bpl reltst2
bvc reltst2
bvs reltst2
clc
cld
cli
clv
cmp #forward1
cmp #forward2
cmp (forward3),y
cmp (forward3,x)
cmp forward3
cmp forward4
cmp forward4,x
cmp forward4,y
cmp forward1,x
cmp forward2,x
cpx #forward1
cpx #forward2
cpx forward3
cpx forward4
cpy #forward1
cpy #forward2
cpy forward3
cpy forward4
dec forward3
dec forward4
dec forward4,x
dec forward1,x
dec forward2,x
dex
dey
eor #forward1
eor #forward2
eor (forward3),y
eor (forward3,x)
eor forward3
eor forward4
eor forward4,x
eor forward4,y
eor forward1,x
eor forward2,x
inc forward3
inc forward4
inc forward4,x
inc forward1,x
inc forward2,x
inx
iny
jmp (forward4)
jmp forward3
jmp forward4
jsr forward3
jsr forward4
lda #forward1
lda #forward2
lda (forward3),y
lda (forward3,x)
lda forward3
lda forward4
lda forward4,x
lda forward4,y
lda forward1,x
lda forward2,x
ldx #forward1
ldx #forward2
ldx 0,y
ldx forward3
ldx forward3,y
ldx forward4
ldx forward4,y
lsr forward3
lsr forward4
lsr forward4,x
lsr a
lsr forward1,x
lsr forward2,x
nop
ora #forward1
ora #forward2
ora (forward3),y
ora (forward3,x)
ora forward3
ora forward4
ora forward4,x
ora forward4,y
ora forward1,x
ora forward2,x
pha
php
pla
plp
rol forward3
rol forward4
rol forward4,x
rol a
rol forward1,x
rol forward2,x
ror forward3
ror forward4
ror forward4,x
ror a
ror forward1,x
ror forward2,x
rti
rts
sbc #forward1
sbc #forward2
sbc (forward3),y
sbc (forward3,x)
sbc forward3
sbc forward4
sbc forward4,x
sbc forward4,y
sbc forward1,x
sbc forward2,x
sec
sed
sei
sta (forward3),y
sta (forward3,x)
sta forward3
sta forward4
sta forward4,x
sta forward4,y
sta forward1,x
sta forward2,x
stx forward3
stx forward4
stx forward1,y
stx forward2,y
sty forward3
sty forward4
sty forward1,x
sty forward2,x
tax
tay
tsx
txa
txs
tya
synctst2:
.equ forward1,h'00
.equ forward2,h'ff
.equ forward3,100
.equ forward4,1000
.end
EXAMPL~1.ASM
; To become familiar with the segment feature you
; should assemble this file with and without the
; single object module swicth enabled.
;
; a65 -o example ;three object module files
; code.seg
; memory.seg
; rom2.seg
;
; a65 example ;one object module file example.obj
.db h'00,o'77,h'77,d'77,77,077
.org h'20 ;start assembly at location 20 hex.
.segment .memory ;declare a new segmemt for ram memory
;allocation
.memory ;select segment .memory as active(locaton counter)
;for the .code segment(created by the assembler) is
;saved for when we switch back.
.org h'8000 ;Ram starts at 8000 hex.
var1: .rs 1 ;variable 1
var16: .rs 2 ;16 bit variable
array: .rs 100*2 ;100 16 bit word array
.eject ;lets start on a fresh page of paper.
;notice that an page eject does not print!
;test list off
.command -l ;this should not print
.db "this is a .db test (fcc on some oem assemblers)"
.command +l ;this also should not print
;this line should print
.code ;switch back to code segment
; origin is where we left off.
loop: .dw loop,loop2
.drw loop,loop2
.equ cr,13 ;equated idienifiers are constant.
.equ tab,9
.set temp,23 ;set identifiers may be re-set.
.set temp,24
.set temp,25
.db 1,2,3,4,5,'p'
.db 6,7,"this is a test\r\n\0"
.dw 1,h'1234
.drw 1,h'1234
.page ;start on a new 256 byte boundary.
loop2: .db loop2 >> 3
.segment .rom2,-x'800 ;my programmer only likes 0..n addresses
.rom2
.org h'800
.db "this is possibly an external rom programmed seperately."
.code
.end loop ;end of assembly, specifying start address.
EXAMPLE.ASM
; To become familiar with the segment feature you
; should assemble this file with and without the
; single object module swicth enabled.
;
; a18 -o example ;two object module files
; code.seg
; foo.seg
;
; a18 example ;one object module file example.obj
.org 0 ;comment test
.db 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 ;define byte test
lab1: ;label only test
;blank line and comment only test
.dw 1,32000 ;define word test
.rs 10 ;reserve storage test
.dw 1+lab1 ;add test
.dw lab1-1 ;subtract test
.dw 1*lab1 ;multiply test
.dw 'k' ;character test
.db 1,d'6,077,o'77,q'77,0x77,h'77,x'aa,x'a,b'1111,b'1 ;radix test
.db "k" ;string test--should give no error
.db "\n\t\b\r\f\\\'\0\145" ;string escape test sequence
.dw 1 << 15 ;8000
.dw x'8000 >> 15 ;0001
.dw ~x'ffff ;0000
.dw -1 ;ffff
.page
.dw 10 /2 ;5
.eject
.dw 32000/2000 ;16
.dw 27 %5 ;modulus = 2
.dw x'5555 ~ x'5555 ;ffff
.dw x'5555 | x'aaaa ;ffff
.dw x'5555 ^ x'aaaa ;ffff
start: .dw x'5555 ^ x'5555 ;0000
.dw x'5555 & x'aaaa ;0000
.dw x'5555 & x'5555 ;5555
.dw 32000 + 1 ;large positive
.dw -32000 + 1 ;small negative
.dw 5 + - 3 * 2 /3 ;complex expression
.dw 5 + (-3)*2/3 ;
.dw lab2
.dw lab2+1 ;test expression sync
.code ;extraneous switch to current segment
.segment foo
foo
.org x'ff
.db 1,2
.code
.db 3,4
foo
lab2: .db,5,6
.set lab3,lab2
.equ lab3,start
synctest: .DIRECT +h88 +w132
.end start
FILE0776.TXT
Disk No: 776
Disk Title: PseudoSam Cross Assembler 18 and 65
PC-SIG Version: S1.3
Program Title: PseudoSam 18 and 65
Author Version: 1.6
Author Registration: None.
Special Requirements: None.
PSEUDOSAM 18 and 65 are machine language cross-assembler programs for
the RCA 1802, 4, 5, 6, and 6502 microprocessors. These programs let
you construct 1802 and 6502 code on your IBM PC, to be transferred to
an 1802 or 6502-based system for use.
The PSEUDOSAM (Pseudo brand Symbolic AsseMbler) assemblers conform to
common syntax based on the UNIX system V assembler syntax. The opcode
and addressing syntax is compatible with the manufacturer's, but label,
directive, and expression operator syntax will differ.
The author of PSEUDOSAM chose this syntax because of UNIX's popularity,
and to avoid the problem of maintaining compatibility with the many OEM
assemblers. The documentation is well organized and easy to understand,
although no attempt is made to teach 1802 or 6502 programming. You
should have a good understanding of machine language programming and
also be familiar with basic DOS functions.
PC-SIG
1030D East Duane Avenue
Sunnyvale Ca. 94086
(408) 730-9291
(c) Copyright 1989 PC-SIG, Inc.
GO.TXT
╔═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
║ <<<< Disk #776 PSEUDOSAM 18 AND 65 CROSS ASSEMBLER >>>> ║
╠═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╣
║ ║
║ To print the documentation for the 18 Cross Assembler you must first ║
║ change to the A18 subdirectory by typing: CD\A18 ║
║ ║
║ You will then print the documentation by typing: ║
║ COPY READI.ME PRN ║
║ ║
║ To print the documentation for the 65 Cross Assembler you must first ║
║ change to the A65 subdirectory by typing: CD\A65 ║
║ ║
║ You will then print the documentation by typing: ║
║ COPY READI.ME PRN ║
╚═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝
(c) Copyright 1990, PC-SIG Inc.
LEVELI.DOC
PseudoSam Assembler Manual Level I
Copyright(c) 1986,87,88 PseudoCorp
All right reserved!
Disclaimer:
PseudoSam software is distributed as is, with no guarantee that
it will work correctly in all situations. In no event will the
Author be liable for any damages, including lost profits,
lost savings or other incidental or consequential damages
arising out of the use of or inability to use these
programs, even if the Author has been advised of the
possibility of such damages, or for any claim by any other
party.
It is the users reponsibility to back up all important files!
See copyright information in appendix B
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 PseudoSam Assemblers vs. other assemblers.
Chapter 2 Running the assembler program.
Chapter 3 Assembler statement syntax.
Chapter 4 Data types.
Chapter 5 Expressions.
Chapter 6 Assembler Directives.
(also known as assembler pseudo-opcodes, or pseudo-ops)
Appendix A ASCII character set.
Appendix B Copyright information.
Chapter 1 PseudoSam assemblers vs. other assemblers
All PseudoSam(Pseudo brand Symbolic AsseMbler) assemblers conform to
a common syntax based on the UNIX system V assembler syntax. By
conforming to this Pseudo standard, conflicts with the manufacturers
syntax are created.
* The difference between another assembler's name and the PseudoSam name
of an assembler directive can be circumvented by the .opdef
directive.
example
.opdef eject,.eject ;defines eject to be synonymous with .eject
.opdef fcc,.db ;fcc will now form constant characters as it
;should.
* A file syn.asm is distributed with the assembler with some useful
redefinitions.
Unix system V is a trademark of AT & T.
Chapter 2 Running the assembler program
1. Command line switch setting and source file specification.
Assuming the user has an assembly language source file called foo.asm
type the following command:
aXX foo
where the PseudoSam assembler number is substituted for XX.
The assembler will assemble the program foo.asm using the default
assembler switch settings. the following files will be generated
by the assembler:
foo.lst ;assembled listing shown the code conversion and
; any errors that where discover by the assembler.
foo.obj ;assembled object code in Hex format.
** for a list of switch setting see the .command assembler directive
description in chapter 6.
*** The assembler uses the following temporary file names.
z0z0z0z0.tmp
z1z1z1z1.tmp
ANY files with these names will be DESTROYED by the
by the assembler.
Chapter 3 Assembler statement syntax
1. Assembler Statements
Assembler statements contain from zero to 4 fields as shown in
following.
<label> <opcode> <expressions> <comment>
All fields are optional, but they must be in this order.
A. Labels (<label>) are symbolic names that are assigned the starting
address of any code generated by the opcode and or expressions
of the line containing the label declaration.(see section 2).
B. Operation codes(<opcode>) tell the assembler what machine instruction
to generate, or what assembler control function to perform.
The operation code also tells the assembler what expressions are
required to complete the machine instruction or assembler directive.
(see chapter 6).
C. Expression requirements are set by the opcode(see the microprocessor
manufacturers reference manual or the assembler directives chapter
for individual opcode requirements).(see chapter 5).
D. Comments are notes written by the programmer to explain what the
program is trying to accomplish. Comments generate no code.
(see section 3).
2. Labels
Labels can be unlimited in length, but only the first eight characters
are used to distinguish between them. They must conform to the
following syntax.
<label> -> <identifier>':'
<identifier> -> <alphabetic character> <identifier character string>
<alphabetic character> -> character in the set ['A'..'Z', 'a'..'z', '.']
<identifier character string> -> any sequence of characters from the
set ['A'..'Z','a'..'z', '.', '0'..'9']
example
abc: ;label referred to as abc
a c: ;not a valid label
foo: ;label referred to as foo
.123: ;label referred to as .123
* Case makes NO difference!
d: ;is the same as
D:
3. Comments
Comments must start with a semi-colon ; and are terminated
by an end of line or file( <lf>(^J) or <sub>(^Z) ). An end
of line is inserted by typing the enter or return key by
most text editors.
Chapter 4 Data types
1. Integers
Integer constants can be specified in any of the following forms:
A. Binary
b'bb ;bb=string of binary digits
B'bb
B. Decimal
ndd
d'dd ;n=nozero decimal digit
D'dd ;dd=string of decimal digits
C. Octal
0qq ;qq=string of octal digits
o'qq
O'qq
q'qq
Q'qq
D. Hexidecimal
0x'hh ;hh=string of hexidecimal digits
0X'hh
h'hh
H'hh
x'hh
X'hh
Examples:
077 ;octal number 77 = decimal 63
b'0101 ;binary number 101 = decimal 5
77 ;decimal number 77 = octal 115
h'ff ;hexidecimal ff = decimal 255
2. Strings:
Strings consist of a beginning quote " followed by any reasonable number
of characters followed by an ending quote ". Control characters and double
quotes " and backslash \ may not be used in strings directly. These
special characters are included by using a special escape sequence which
the assembler translates into the appropriate ASCII code.
Note: Strings may not be used in expressions!
Although character constants may(see below).
Escape sequences
"\"" string containing "
"\\" string containing \
"\'" string containing '
"\0" string containing null
"\n" string containing linefeed
"\r" string containing carriage return
"\f" string containing formfeed
"\t" string containing horizontal tab
"\nnn" string containing the ASCII character who's code is o'nnn
(nnn are octal digits).
* see appendix A for ASCII codes.
3. Character Constants:
Character constants consist of a single quote ' followed by
a character or an escape sequence(see above) followed by a
single quote '.
example:
'A' = ASCII character value for the letter A = 65 (decimal);
'\''= ASCII character value for the character ' = 39 (decimal).
Character constants are treated as integers by the assembler and
are valid where ever an integer value is valid.
example:
'A' + 1 = 66
* see appendix A for ASCII codes.
4. Symbolic values
Symbolic values are generally labels, but may be any identifier
assigned an integer value(using .set or .equ pseudo-ops).
As a special case the symbol * when used as an operand in an
expression denotes the value of the location counter (the value
the program counter will have during operation) at the beginning
of the current line.
Chapter 5 Expressions
All expressions evaluate to integer values modulo 65536(2^16) and are
written in infix notation(the way you normally write them). Operators
provided are grouped below in order of precedence.
1. (unary)
~ logical bit wise complement(not) of its operand(one's complement).
- arithemetic complement, or negation(two's complement).
2. (binary)
* integer multiply (two's complement).
/ integer divide (two's complement).
% modulus (result is always positive)
>> logical shift right (left operand shifted right operand times).
<< logical shift left (left operand shifted right operand times).
~ equivalent to A or ( ~B ).
3. (binary)
| logical bitwise or(inclusive-or) of two operands.
^ logical bitwise exclusive-or of two operands.
& logical bitwise and of two operands.
4. (binary)
+ addition (two's complement).
- subtraction (two's complement).
Since this version does not generate relocatable code there exists only
one "type" of operand that can be in an expression. So anything goes
except divide by 0(1 will be substituted ).
examples:
-1 = h'ffff (two's complement notation).
-1 >> 8 = h'00ff
-1 << 8 = h'ff00
3 / 2 = 1
6 / 2 = 3
5 / 0 = 5
-2 / 1 = -2
-3 /-2 = 1
2 * -3 = -6
b'00 & b'11 = 0
b'11 & b'10 = 2
2 * b'01 & b'10 = 2
b'01 ^ b'11 = 2
b'01 | b'11 = 3
Notice that spaces are ignored in expressions.
Chapter 6 Assembler Directives
(also known as assembler Pseudo-opcodes)
The assembler recognizes the following directives:
directive section description
.command 1 ;set assembly options(similar to command line options).
.org 2 ;set program origin.
.equ 3 ;equate an identifier to an expression(permanent
; assignment).
.set 4 ;equate and identifier to an expression(temporary
; assignment).
.rs 5 ;reserve storage(memory) space.
.db 6 ;define byte.
.dw 7 ;define word(16 bit).
.drw 8 ;define reversed word(16 bit).
.eject 9 ;form feed in listing
.page 10 ;align location counter on 256 byte memory
; page boundary.
.end 11 ;end of program
.opdef 12 ;equate an identifier with another identifier.
.segment 13 ;define a memory segment.
<segment name>
14 ;select segment <segment name> as current segment.
.null 15 ;this is a comment statement.
1. .command <optionlist> ;allows the programmer to set option switches
;in the same manner as on the command line.
;(the command line is the line typed to run
; this program).
<optionlist> -> <option> ' ' <optionlist>
<optionlist> ->
<option> -> '-'<available option>
<option> -> '+'<available option>
<available option> -> 'a'<decimal number> ;Hex hode format.
;i => Intel Hex.
<available option> -> 'w'<decimal number> ;page width in columns(characters).
;(-,+ are ignored but one must be
; there).
<available option> -> 'h'<decimal number> ;page height in lines.
;(-,+ are ignored but one must be
; there).
<available option> -> 'l' ;listing on(+) or off(-)
;if set on command line it overrides
;all listing controls in program.
<available option> -> 'm'<decimal number> ;Machine level.
;1 => 6800,2,8.
;2 => 6801,3.
<available option> -> 's' ;symbol listing on(+) or off(-).
<available option> -> 'o' ;selects single object module
;file only(+), or multiple object
;module files(-)(one for each
;defined segment in the program).
<available option> -> 't'<drive> ;specifies which drive to create
;all temporary files on(-,+ are
; ignored but one must be there).
;ONLY active on command line!
<available option> -> 'p'<drive> ;specifies which drive to create
;the listing file on(-,+ are
; ignored but one must be there).
;ONLY active on command line!
<drive> -> <drive name>':' ;e.g. a: b: c: d:
;MS-DOS
<drive name> -> 'a' ;drive a --usually a floppy disk
<drive name> -> 'b' ;drive b --usually a second floppy disk
<drive name> -> 'c' ;drive c --usually a hard disk, but may
be a ram disk.
<drive name> -> 'd' ;drive d --usually a ram disk, but may
be a hard disk.
** The default options are:
Intel: -a1 -m1 -w132 -h66 +l +s +o
Motorola: -a2 -m1 -w132 -h66 +l +s +o
2. .org <integer expression> ;sets the assembler location counter
;to the value of expression.
;The expression MUST be evaluatable
;on the first pass. NO FORWARD
;REFERENCES!
3. .equ <identifier> ',' <integer expression>
;gives identifier the value of the
;integer expression.
;<identifier> canNOT be redefined!
;also forward references are allowed
;as long as they are resolved by the
;second pass.
4. .set <identifier> ',' <integer expression>
;gives identifier the value of the
;integer expression.
;<identifier> CAN be redefined later
; in the program!
;also forward references are allowed
;as long as they are resolved by the
;second pass.
5. .rs <integer expression> ;increments the location counter
;by the value of <integer expresson>
;effectively reserving that many bytes
;of memory.
6. .db <expression-string list>
<expression-string list> -> <expression>','<expression-string list>
<expression-string list> -> <string>','<expression-string list>
<expression-string list> -> <expression>
<expression-string list> -> <string>
;creates a byte in the machine code
;for each <expression> in the list
;and a byte for each ascii character
;in the a string.
7. .dw <expression list>
<expression list> -> <expression>','<expression list>
<expression list> -> <expression>
;creates a word(16 bit) in the machine code
;for each <expression> in the list.
;MOST significant byte is stored at LOWER
;address.
8. .drw <expression list>
<expression list> -> <expression>','<expression list>
<expression list> -> <expression>
;creates a word(16 bit) in the machine code
;for each <expression> in the list.
;LEAST significant byte is stored at LOWER
;address.
9. .eject ;causes a form-feed character to be
;inserted in listing.(new listing page)
10. .page ;increments location counter to next
;256 byte page boundary.
11. .end <integer expression> ;signals the end of the source program.
;the optional expression, if supplied,
;specifies the start address of the
;program, and is included in the
;Hex object module output
;of the active segment when the .end
;was encountered.
12. .opdef <identifier>,<identifier>
;assigns the current definition of
;the second <identifier> to the
;first <identifier>.
;useful for renaming opcodes and
;pseudo-ops.
13. .segment <identifier> ',' <integer expression>
;defines a memory segment name.
;used to separate memory allocation
;and optionally generate seperate
;object files.(see 'o' assembly
;directive to activate).
;(used to seperate RAM, ROM, or
; ROMS)
;the optional <integer expression> is
;added to the location counter to
;offset the load address supplied
;in the object module. (does not
;affect listings addresses!)
;
;note: .code is the predefined default
;segment and cannot be redefined.
14. <segment name> ;selects the segment <segment name>
;as the current memory segment.
;The location old segment location counter
;is saved and the previous value of the
;newly selected segments location counter
;is used(0 if not previously used).
15. .null ;directs the assembler to treat this
;statement as a comment. Useful to
;nullify opcodes when used in conjunction
;with the .opdef pseudo-op.
Appendix A ASCII character set
dec oct hex char dec oct hex char dec oct hex char dec oct hex char
0 000 00 ^@ null 32 040 20 sp 64 100 40 @ 96 140 60 `
1 001 01 ^A soh 33 041 21 ! 65 101 41 A 97 141 61 a
2 002 02 ^B stx 34 042 22 " 66 102 42 B 98 142 62 b
3 003 03 ^C etx 35 043 23 # 67 103 43 C 99 143 63 c
4 004 04 ^D eot 36 044 24 $ 68 104 44 D 100 144 64 d
5 005 05 ^E enq 37 045 25 % 69 105 45 E 101 145 65 e
6 006 06 ^F ack 38 046 26 & 70 106 46 F 102 146 66 f
7 007 07 ^G bel 39 047 27 ' 71 107 47 G 103 147 67 g
8 010 08 ^H bs 40 050 28 ( 72 110 48 H 104 150 68 h
9 011 09 ^I ht 41 051 29 ) 73 111 49 I 105 151 69 i
10 012 0A ^J lf 42 052 2A * 74 112 4A J 106 152 6A j
11 013 0B ^K vt 43 053 2B + 75 113 4B K 107 153 6B k
12 014 0C ^L ff 44 054 2C , 76 114 4C L 108 154 6C l
13 015 0D ^M cr 45 055 2D - 77 115 4D M 109 155 6D m
14 016 0E ^N so 46 056 2E . 78 116 4E N 110 156 6E n
15 017 0F ^O si 47 057 2F / 79 117 4F O 111 157 6F o
16 020 10 ^P dle 48 060 30 0 80 120 50 P 112 160 70 p
17 021 11 ^Q dc1 49 061 31 1 81 121 51 Q 113 161 71 q
18 022 12 ^R dc2 50 062 32 2 82 122 52 R 114 162 72 r
19 023 13 ^S dc3 51 063 33 3 83 123 53 S 115 163 73 s
20 024 14 ^T dc4 52 064 34 4 84 124 54 T 116 164 74 t
21 025 15 ^U nak 53 065 35 5 85 125 55 U 117 165 75 u
22 026 16 ^V syn 54 066 36 6 86 126 56 V 118 166 76 v
23 027 17 ^W etb 55 067 37 7 87 127 57 W 119 167 77 w
24 030 18 ^X can 56 070 38 8 88 130 58 X 120 170 78 x
25 031 19 ^Y em 57 071 39 9 89 131 59 Y 121 171 79 y
26 032 1A ^Z sub 58 072 3A : 90 132 5A Z 122 172 7A z
27 033 1B ^[ esc 59 073 3B ; 91 133 5B [ 123 173 7B {
28 034 1C ^\ fs 60 074 3C < 92 134 5C \ 124 174 7C |
29 035 1D ^] gs 61 075 3D = 93 135 5D ] 125 175 7D }
30 036 1E ^^ rs 62 076 3E > 94 136 5E ^ 126 176 7E ~
31 037 1F ^_ us 63 077 3F ? 95 137 5F _ 127 176 7F del
^ denotes control key simultaneous with character key.
Appendix B Copyright Information:
Disclaimer:
PseudoSam software is distributed as is, with no guarantee that it
will work correctly in all situations. In no event will the
Author be liable for any damages, including lost profits,
lost savings or other incidental or consequential damages
arising out of the use of or inability to use these
programs, even if the Author has been advised of the
possibility of such damages, or for any claim by any other
party.
Copyright Information:
The entire PseudoSam distribution package, consisting of
the main program, documentation files, and various data and
utility files, is copyright (c) 1986, by PseudoCorp.
The author reserves the exclusive right to distribute this
package, or any part thereof, for profit.
The name "PseudoSam (tm)", applied to an assembler
program, is a trade mark of the PseudoCorp.
PseudoSam version 1.x.xx and various subsidiary files may be
copied freely by individuals for non-commercial purposes. It
is expected that those who find the package useful will
purchase the commercial version.
ONLY UNMODIFIED VERSIONS DISPLAYING THE AUTHORS COPYRIGHT
MAY BE COPIED.
User groups and clubs are authorized to distribute PseudoSam
software under the following conditions:
1. No charge is made for the software or documentation. A
nominal distribution fee may be charged, provided that
it is no more than $10 total.
3. The program and documentation are not modified in ANY
way, and are distributed together.
LEVELI~1.DOC
PseudoSam Assembler Manual Level I
Copyright(c) 1986,87,88 PseudoCorp
All right reserved!
Disclaimer:
PseudoSam software is distributed as is, with no guarantee that
it will work correctly in all situations. In no event will the
Author be liable for any damages, including lost profits,
lost savings or other incidental or consequential damages
arising out of the use of or inability to use these
programs, even if the Author has been advised of the
possibility of such damages, or for any claim by any other
party.
It is the users reponsibility to back up all important files!
See copyright information in appendix B
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 PseudoSam Assemblers vs. other assemblers.
Chapter 2 Running the assembler program.
Chapter 3 Assembler statement syntax.
Chapter 4 Data types.
Chapter 5 Expressions.
Chapter 6 Assembler Directives.
(also known as assembler pseudo-opcodes, or pseudo-ops)
Appendix A ASCII character set.
Appendix B Copyright information.
Chapter 1 PseudoSam assemblers vs. other assemblers
All PseudoSam(Pseudo brand Symbolic AsseMbler) assemblers conform to
a common syntax based on the UNIX system V assembler syntax. By
conforming to this Pseudo standard, conflicts with the manufacturers
syntax are created.
* The difference between another assembler's name and the PseudoSam name
of an assembler directive can be circumvented by the .opdef
directive.
example
.opdef eject,.eject ;defines eject to be synonymous with .eject
.opdef fcc,.db ;fcc will now form constant characters as it
;should.
* A file syn.asm is distributed with the assembler with some useful
redefinitions.
Unix system V is a trademark of AT & T.
Chapter 2 Running the assembler program
1. Command line switch setting and source file specification.
Assuming the user has an assembly language source file called foo.asm
type the following command:
aXX foo
where the PseudoSam assembler number is substituted for XX.
The assembler will assemble the program foo.asm using the default
assembler switch settings. the following files will be generated
by the assembler:
foo.lst ;assembled listing shown the code conversion and
; any errors that where discover by the assembler.
foo.obj ;assembled object code in Hex format.
** for a list of switch setting see the .command assembler directive
description in chapter 6.
*** The assembler uses the following temporary file names.
z0z0z0z0.tmp
z1z1z1z1.tmp
ANY files with these names will be DESTROYED by the
by the assembler.
Chapter 3 Assembler statement syntax
1. Assembler Statements
Assembler statements contain from zero to 4 fields as shown in
following.
<label> <opcode> <expressions> <comment>
All fields are optional, but they must be in this order.
A. Labels (<label>) are symbolic names that are assigned the starting
address of any code generated by the opcode and or expressions
of the line containing the label declaration.(see section 2).
B. Operation codes(<opcode>) tell the assembler what machine instruction
to generate, or what assembler control function to perform.
The operation code also tells the assembler what expressions are
required to complete the machine instruction or assembler directive.
(see chapter 6).
C. Expression requirements are set by the opcode(see the microprocessor
manufacturers reference manual or the assembler directives chapter
for individual opcode requirements).(see chapter 5).
D. Comments are notes written by the programmer to explain what the
program is trying to accomplish. Comments generate no code.
(see section 3).
2. Labels
Labels can be unlimited in length, but only the first eight characters
are used to distinguish between them. They must conform to the
following syntax.
<label> -> <identifier>':'
<identifier> -> <alphabetic character> <identifier character string>
<alphabetic character> -> character in the set ['A'..'Z', 'a'..'z', '.']
<identifier character string> -> any sequence of characters from the
set ['A'..'Z','a'..'z', '.', '0'..'9']
example
abc: ;label referred to as abc
a c: ;not a valid label
foo: ;label referred to as foo
.123: ;label referred to as .123
* Case makes NO difference!
d: ;is the same as
D:
3. Comments
Comments must start with a semi-colon ; and are terminated
by an end of line or file( <lf>(^J) or <sub>(^Z) ). An end
of line is inserted by typing the enter or return key by
most text editors.
Chapter 4 Data types
1. Integers
Integer constants can be specified in any of the following forms:
A. Binary
b'bb ;bb=string of binary digits
B'bb
B. Decimal
ndd
d'dd ;n=nozero decimal digit
D'dd ;dd=string of decimal digits
C. Octal
0qq ;qq=string of octal digits
o'qq
O'qq
q'qq
Q'qq
D. Hexidecimal
0x'hh ;hh=string of hexidecimal digits
0X'hh
h'hh
H'hh
x'hh
X'hh
Examples:
077 ;octal number 77 = decimal 63
b'0101 ;binary number 101 = decimal 5
77 ;decimal number 77 = octal 115
h'ff ;hexidecimal ff = decimal 255
2. Strings:
Strings consist of a beginning quote " followed by any reasonable number
of characters followed by an ending quote ". Control characters and double
quotes " and backslash \ may not be used in strings directly. These
special characters are included by using a special escape sequence which
the assembler translates into the appropriate ASCII code.
Note: Strings may not be used in expressions!
Although character constants may(see below).
Escape sequences
"\"" string containing "
"\\" string containing \
"\'" string containing '
"\0" string containing null
"\n" string containing linefeed
"\r" string containing carriage return
"\f" string containing formfeed
"\t" string containing horizontal tab
"\nnn" string containing the ASCII character who's code is o'nnn
(nnn are octal digits).
* see appendix A for ASCII codes.
3. Character Constants:
Character constants consist of a single quote ' followed by
a character or an escape sequence(see above) followed by a
single quote '.
example:
'A' = ASCII character value for the letter A = 65 (decimal);
'\''= ASCII character value for the character ' = 39 (decimal).
Character constants are treated as integers by the assembler and
are valid where ever an integer value is valid.
example:
'A' + 1 = 66
* see appendix A for ASCII codes.
4. Symbolic values
Symbolic values are generally labels, but may be any identifier
assigned an integer value(using .set or .equ pseudo-ops).
As a special case the symbol * when used as an operand in an
expression denotes the value of the location counter (the value
the program counter will have during operation) at the beginning
of the current line.
Chapter 5 Expressions
All expressions evaluate to integer values modulo 65536(2^16) and are
written in infix notation(the way you normally write them). Operators
provided are grouped below in order of precedence.
1. (unary)
~ logical bit wise complement(not) of its operand(one's complement).
- arithemetic complement, or negation(two's complement).
2. (binary)
* integer multiply (two's complement).
/ integer divide (two's complement).
% modulus (result is always positive)
>> logical shift right (left operand shifted right operand times).
<< logical shift left (left operand shifted right operand times).
~ equivalent to A or ( ~B ).
3. (binary)
| logical bitwise or(inclusive-or) of two operands.
^ logical bitwise exclusive-or of two operands.
& logical bitwise and of two operands.
4. (binary)
+ addition (two's complement).
- subtraction (two's complement).
Since this version does not generate relocatable code there exists only
one "type" of operand that can be in an expression. So anything goes
except divide by 0(1 will be substituted ).
examples:
-1 = h'ffff (two's complement notation).
-1 >> 8 = h'00ff
-1 << 8 = h'ff00
3 / 2 = 1
6 / 2 = 3
5 / 0 = 5
-2 / 1 = -2
-3 /-2 = 1
2 * -3 = -6
b'00 & b'11 = 0
b'11 & b'10 = 2
2 * b'01 & b'10 = 2
b'01 ^ b'11 = 2
b'01 | b'11 = 3
Notice that spaces are ignored in expressions.
Chapter 6 Assembler Directives
(also known as assembler Pseudo-opcodes)
The assembler recognizes the following directives:
directive section description
.command 1 ;set assembly options(similar to command line options).
.org 2 ;set program origin.
.equ 3 ;equate an identifier to an expression(permanent
; assignment).
.set 4 ;equate and identifier to an expression(temporary
; assignment).
.rs 5 ;reserve storage(memory) space.
.db 6 ;define byte.
.dw 7 ;define word(16 bit).
.drw 8 ;define reversed word(16 bit).
.eject 9 ;form feed in listing
.page 10 ;align location counter on 256 byte memory
; page boundary.
.end 11 ;end of program
.opdef 12 ;equate an identifier with another identifier.
.segment 13 ;define a memory segment.
<segment name>
14 ;select segment <segment name> as current segment.
.null 15 ;this is a comment statement.
1. .command <optionlist> ;allows the programmer to set option switches
;in the same manner as on the command line.
;(the command line is the line typed to run
; this program).
<optionlist> -> <option> ' ' <optionlist>
<optionlist> ->
<option> -> '-'<available option>
<option> -> '+'<available option>
<available option> -> 'a'<decimal number> ;Hex hode format.
;i => Intel Hex.
<available option> -> 'w'<decimal number> ;page width in columns(characters).
;(-,+ are ignored but one must be
; there).
<available option> -> 'h'<decimal number> ;page height in lines.
;(-,+ are ignored but one must be
; there).
<available option> -> 'l' ;listing on(+) or off(-)
;if set on command line it overrides
;all listing controls in program.
<available option> -> 'm'<decimal number> ;Machine level.
;1 => 6800,2,8.
;2 => 6801,3.
<available option> -> 's' ;symbol listing on(+) or off(-).
<available option> -> 'o' ;selects single object module
;file only(+), or multiple object
;module files(-)(one for each
;defined segment in the program).
<available option> -> 't'<drive> ;specifies which drive to create
;all temporary files on(-,+ are
; ignored but one must be there).
;ONLY active on command line!
<available option> -> 'p'<drive> ;specifies which drive to create
;the listing file on(-,+ are
; ignored but one must be there).
;ONLY active on command line!
<drive> -> <drive name>':' ;e.g. a: b: c: d:
;MS-DOS
<drive name> -> 'a' ;drive a --usually a floppy disk
<drive name> -> 'b' ;drive b --usually a second floppy disk
<drive name> -> 'c' ;drive c --usually a hard disk, but may
be a ram disk.
<drive name> -> 'd' ;drive d --usually a ram disk, but may
be a hard disk.
** The default options are:
Intel: -a1 -m1 -w132 -h66 +l +s +o
Motorola: -a2 -m1 -w132 -h66 +l +s +o
2. .org <integer expression> ;sets the assembler location counter
;to the value of expression.
;The expression MUST be evaluatable
;on the first pass. NO FORWARD
;REFERENCES!
3. .equ <identifier> ',' <integer expression>
;gives identifier the value of the
;integer expression.
;<identifier> canNOT be redefined!
;also forward references are allowed
;as long as they are resolved by the
;second pass.
4. .set <identifier> ',' <integer expression>
;gives identifier the value of the
;integer expression.
;<identifier> CAN be redefined later
; in the program!
;also forward references are allowed
;as long as they are resolved by the
;second pass.
5. .rs <integer expression> ;increments the location counter
;by the value of <integer expresson>
;effectively reserving that many bytes
;of memory.
6. .db <expression-string list>
<expression-string list> -> <expression>','<expression-string list>
<expression-string list> -> <string>','<expression-string list>
<expression-string list> -> <expression>
<expression-string list> -> <string>
;creates a byte in the machine code
;for each <expression> in the list
;and a byte for each ascii character
;in the a string.
7. .dw <expression list>
<expression list> -> <expression>','<expression list>
<expression list> -> <expression>
;creates a word(16 bit) in the machine code
;for each <expression> in the list.
;MOST significant byte is stored at LOWER
;address.
8. .drw <expression list>
<expression list> -> <expression>','<expression list>
<expression list> -> <expression>
;creates a word(16 bit) in the machine code
;for each <expression> in the list.
;LEAST significant byte is stored at LOWER
;address.
9. .eject ;causes a form-feed character to be
;inserted in listing.(new listing page)
10. .page ;increments location counter to next
;256 byte page boundary.
11. .end <integer expression> ;signals the end of the source program.
;the optional expression, if supplied,
;specifies the start address of the
;program, and is included in the
;Hex object module output
;of the active segment when the .end
;was encountered.
12. .opdef <identifier>,<identifier>
;assigns the current definition of
;the second <identifier> to the
;first <identifier>.
;useful for renaming opcodes and
;pseudo-ops.
13. .segment <identifier> ',' <integer expression>
;defines a memory segment name.
;used to separate memory allocation
;and optionally generate seperate
;object files.(see 'o' assembly
;directive to activate).
;(used to seperate RAM, ROM, or
; ROMS)
;the optional <integer expression> is
;added to the location counter to
;offset the load address supplied
;in the object module. (does not
;affect listings addresses!)
;
;note: .code is the predefined default
;segment and cannot be redefined.
14. <segment name> ;selects the segment <segment name>
;as the current memory segment.
;The location old segment location counter
;is saved and the previous value of the
;newly selected segments location counter
;is used(0 if not previously used).
15. .null ;directs the assembler to treat this
;statement as a comment. Useful to
;nullify opcodes when used in conjunction
;with the .opdef pseudo-op.
Appendix A ASCII character set
dec oct hex char dec oct hex char dec oct hex char dec oct hex char
0 000 00 ^@ null 32 040 20 sp 64 100 40 @ 96 140 60 `
1 001 01 ^A soh 33 041 21 ! 65 101 41 A 97 141 61 a
2 002 02 ^B stx 34 042 22 " 66 102 42 B 98 142 62 b
3 003 03 ^C etx 35 043 23 # 67 103 43 C 99 143 63 c
4 004 04 ^D eot 36 044 24 $ 68 104 44 D 100 144 64 d
5 005 05 ^E enq 37 045 25 % 69 105 45 E 101 145 65 e
6 006 06 ^F ack 38 046 26 & 70 106 46 F 102 146 66 f
7 007 07 ^G bel 39 047 27 ' 71 107 47 G 103 147 67 g
8 010 08 ^H bs 40 050 28 ( 72 110 48 H 104 150 68 h
9 011 09 ^I ht 41 051 29 ) 73 111 49 I 105 151 69 i
10 012 0A ^J lf 42 052 2A * 74 112 4A J 106 152 6A j
11 013 0B ^K vt 43 053 2B + 75 113 4B K 107 153 6B k
12 014 0C ^L ff 44 054 2C , 76 114 4C L 108 154 6C l
13 015 0D ^M cr 45 055 2D - 77 115 4D M 109 155 6D m
14 016 0E ^N so 46 056 2E . 78 116 4E N 110 156 6E n
15 017 0F ^O si 47 057 2F / 79 117 4F O 111 157 6F o
16 020 10 ^P dle 48 060 30 0 80 120 50 P 112 160 70 p
17 021 11 ^Q dc1 49 061 31 1 81 121 51 Q 113 161 71 q
18 022 12 ^R dc2 50 062 32 2 82 122 52 R 114 162 72 r
19 023 13 ^S dc3 51 063 33 3 83 123 53 S 115 163 73 s
20 024 14 ^T dc4 52 064 34 4 84 124 54 T 116 164 74 t
21 025 15 ^U nak 53 065 35 5 85 125 55 U 117 165 75 u
22 026 16 ^V syn 54 066 36 6 86 126 56 V 118 166 76 v
23 027 17 ^W etb 55 067 37 7 87 127 57 W 119 167 77 w
24 030 18 ^X can 56 070 38 8 88 130 58 X 120 170 78 x
25 031 19 ^Y em 57 071 39 9 89 131 59 Y 121 171 79 y
26 032 1A ^Z sub 58 072 3A : 90 132 5A Z 122 172 7A z
27 033 1B ^[ esc 59 073 3B ; 91 133 5B [ 123 173 7B {
28 034 1C ^\ fs 60 074 3C < 92 134 5C \ 124 174 7C |
29 035 1D ^] gs 61 075 3D = 93 135 5D ] 125 175 7D }
30 036 1E ^^ rs 62 076 3E > 94 136 5E ^ 126 176 7E ~
31 037 1F ^_ us 63 077 3F ? 95 137 5F _ 127 176 7F del
^ denotes control key simultaneous with character key.
Appendix B Copyright Information:
Disclaimer:
PseudoSam software is distributed as is, with no guarantee that it
will work correctly in all situations. In no event will the
Author be liable for any damages, including lost profits,
lost savings or other incidental or consequential damages
arising out of the use of or inability to use these
programs, even if the Author has been advised of the
possibility of such damages, or for any claim by any other
party.
Copyright Information:
The entire PseudoSam distribution package, consisting of
the main program, documentation files, and various data and
utility files, is copyright (c) 1986, by PseudoCorp.
The author reserves the exclusive right to distribute this
package, or any part thereof, for profit.
The name "PseudoSam (tm)", applied to an assembler
program, is a trade mark of the PseudoCorp.
PseudoSam version 1.x.xx and various subsidiary files may be
copied freely by individuals for non-commercial purposes. It
is expected that those who find the package useful will
purchase the commercial version.
ONLY UNMODIFIED VERSIONS DISPLAYING THE AUTHORS COPYRIGHT
MAY BE COPIED.
User groups and clubs are authorized to distribute PseudoSam
software under the following conditions:
1. No charge is made for the software or documentation. A
nominal distribution fee may be charged, provided that
it is no more than $10 total.
3. The program and documentation are not modified in ANY
way, and are distributed together.
MAC.ASM
;some useful macros to help get you started
;Assemble this file and carefully examine the listing
;lo( <expr> ) masks off the least significant byte of <expr>.
define( lo,
changequote([,])[($1) & x'0ff]changequote(`,'))
;hi( <expr> ) isolates the most significant byte of <expr>
define( hi,`($1) >> 8')
.equ test,x'2211
.db lo(test)
.db hi(test)
.end
MNEMLEV1.ASM
.org 0 ;comment test
.db 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 ;define byte test
lab1: ;label only test
;blank line and comment only test
.dw 1,32000 ;define word test
.rs 10 ;reserve storage test
.dw 1+lab1 ;add test
.dw lab1-1 ;subtract test
.dw 1*lab1 ;multiply test
.dw 'k' ;character test
.db 1,d'6,077,o'77,q'77,0x77,h'77,x'aa,x'a,b'1111,b'1 ;radix test
.db "k" ;string test--should give no error
.db "\n\t\b\r\f\\\'\0\145" ;string escape test sequence
.dw 1 << 15 ;8000
.dw x'8000 >> 15 ;0001
.dw ~x'ffff ;0000
.dw -1 ;ffff
.page
.dw 10 /2 ;5
.eject
.dw 32000/2000 ;16
.dw 27 %5 ;modulus = 2
.dw x'5555 ~ x'5555 ;ffff
.dw x'5555 | x'aaaa ;ffff
.dw x'5555 ^ x'aaaa ;ffff
start: .dw x'5555 ^ x'5555 ;0000
.dw x'5555 & x'aaaa ;0000
.dw x'5555 & x'5555 ;5555
.dw 32000 + 1 ;large positive
.dw -32000 + 1 ;small negative
.dw 5 + - 3 * 2 /3 ;complex expression
.dw 5 + (-3)*2/3 ;
.dw lab2
.dw lab2+1 ;test expression sync
.code ;extraneous switch to current segment
.segment foo
foo
.org x'ff
.db 1,2
.code
.db 3,4
foo
lab2: .db,5,6
.set lab3,lab2
.equ lab3,start
codetst: LDN 1
LDA 1
LDX
LDXA
LDI 1
STR 1
STXD
INC 1
DEC 1
IRX
GLO 1
PLO 1
GHI 1
PHI 1
OR
ORI 1
XOR
XRI 1
AND
ANI 1
SHR
SHRC
RSHR
SHL
SHLC
RSHL
ADD
ADI 1
ADC
ADCI 1
SD
SDI 1
SDB
SDBI 1
SM
SMI 1
testbr: SMB
SMBI 1
BR testbr
NBR
BZ testbr
BNZ testbr
BDF testbr
BPZ testbr
BGE testbr
BNF testbr
BM testbr
BL testbr
BQ testbr
BNQ testbr
B1 testbr
BN1 testbr
B2 testbr
BN2 testbr
B3 testbr
BN3 testbr
B4 testbr
BN4 testbr
LBR testbr
NLBR
LBZ testbr
LBNZ testbr
LBDF testbr
LBNF testbr
LBQ testbr
LBNQ testbr
SKP
LSKP
LSZ
LSNZ
LSDF
LSNF
LSQ
LSNQ
LSIE
IDL
NOP
SEP 1
SEX 1
SEQ
REQ
SAV
MARK
RET
DIS
OUT 1
INP 1
synctest:
.end start
MNEMLEV2.ASM
.direct -m2 ;1805a instruction set enabled
.org 0 ;comment test
.db 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 ;define byte test
lab1: ;label only test
;blank line and comment only test
.dw 1,32000 ;define word test
.rs 10 ;reserve storage test
.dw 1+lab1 ;add test
.dw lab1-1 ;subtract test
.dw 1*lab1 ;multiply test
.dw 'k' ;character test
.db 1,d'6,077,o'77,q'77,0x77,h'77,x'aa,x'a,b'1111,b'1 ;radix test
.db "k" ;string test--should give no error
.db "\n\t\b\r\f\\\'\0\145" ;string escape test sequence
.dw 1 << 15 ;8000
.dw x'8000 >> 15 ;0001
.dw ~x'ffff ;0000
.dw -1 ;ffff
.page
.dw 10 /2 ;5
.eject
.dw 32000/2000 ;16
.dw 27 %5 ;modulus = 2
.dw x'5555 ~ x'5555 ;ffff
.dw x'5555 | x'aaaa ;ffff
.dw x'5555 ^ x'aaaa ;ffff
start: .dw x'5555 ^ x'5555 ;0000
.dw x'5555 & x'aaaa ;0000
.dw x'5555 & x'5555 ;5555
.dw 32000 + 1 ;large positive
.dw -32000 + 1 ;small negative
.dw 5 + - 3 * 2 /3 ;complex expression
.dw 5 + (-3)*2/3 ;
.dw lab2
.dw lab2+1 ;test expression sync
.code ;extraneous switch to current segment
.segment foo
foo
.org x'ff
.db 1,2
.code
.db 3,4
foo
lab2: .db,5,6
.set lab3,lab2
.equ lab3,start
codetst: LDN 1
LDA 1
LDX
LDXA
LDI 1
STR 1
STXD
INC 1
DEC 1
IRX
GLO 1
PLO 1
GHI 1
PHI 1
OR
ORI 1
XOR
XRI 1
AND
ANI 1
SHR
SHRC
RSHR
SHL
SHLC
RSHL
ADD
ADI 1
ADC
ADCI 1
SD
SDI 1
SDB
SDBI 1
SM
SMI 1
testbr: SMB
SMBI 1
BR testbr
NBR
BZ testbr
BNZ testbr
BDF testbr
BPZ testbr
BGE testbr
BNF testbr
BM testbr
BL testbr
BQ testbr
BNQ testbr
B1 testbr
BN1 testbr
B2 testbr
BN2 testbr
B3 testbr
BN3 testbr
B4 testbr
BN4 testbr
LBR testbr
NLBR
LBZ testbr
LBNZ testbr
LBDF testbr
LBNF testbr
LBQ testbr
LBNQ testbr
SKP
LSKP
LSZ
LSNZ
LSDF
LSNF
LSQ
LSNQ
LSIE
IDL
NOP
SEP 1
SEX 1
SEQ
REQ
SAV
MARK
RET
DIS
OUT 1
INP 1
RLXA r3
RLDI 5,h'ff00
RSXD r0
RNX r1
BCI synctest
BXI synctest
ETQ
LDC
GEC
STPC
DTC
STM
SCM1
SCM2
SPM1
SPM2
XIE
XID
CIE
CID
SCAL 5,synctest
scal rf,testbr
SRET rf
dbnz r1,synctest
dadd
dadi h'99
dadc
daci x'01
dsm
dsmi h'21
dsmb
dsbi h'01
dsav
synctest: .DIRECT +h88 +w132
.end start
MNEMTEST.ASM
test1234:
test1235:
.org 0
adc #forward1
adc #h'ff
adc (100),y
adc (100,x)
adc 100
adc 1000
adc 1000,x
adc 1000,y
adc forward1,x
adc h'ff,x
and #forward1
and #h'ff
and (100),y
and (100,x)
and 100
and 1000
and 1000,x
and 1000,y
and forward1,x
and h'ff,x
asl 100
asl 1000
asl 1000,x
asl a
asl forward1,x
asl h'ff,x
bcc reltst
bcs reltst
beq reltst
bit 1000
bit forward1
bit h'ff
reltst: bmi reltst
bne reltst
bpl reltst
brk
bvc reltst
bvs reltst
clc
cld
cli
clv
cmp #forward1
cmp #h'ff
cmp (100),y
cmp (100,x)
cmp 100
cmp 1000
cmp 1000,x
cmp 1000,y
cmp forward1,x
cmp h'ff,x
cpx #forward1
cpx #h'ff
cpx 100
cpx 1000
cpy #forward1
cpy #h'ff
cpy 100
cpy 1000
dec 100
dec 1000
dec 1000,x
dec forward1,x
dec h'ff,x
dex
dey
eor #forward1
eor #h'ff
eor (100),y
eor (100,x)
eor 100
eor 1000
eor 1000,x
eor 1000,y
eor forward1,x
eor h'ff,x
inc 100
inc 1000
inc 1000,x
inc forward1,x
inc h'ff,x
inx
iny
jmp (1000)
jmp 100
jmp 1000
jsr 100
jsr 1000
lda #forward1
lda #h'ff
lda (100),y
lda (100,x)
lda 100
lda 1000
lda 1000,x
lda 1000,y
lda forward1,x
lda h'ff,x
ldx #forward1
ldx #h'ff
ldx 0,y
ldx 100
ldx 100,y
ldx 1000
ldx 1000,y
ldy #forward1
ldy #h'ff
ldy 0,x
ldy 100
ldy 100,x
ldy 1000
ldy 1000,x
lsr 100
lsr 1000
lsr 1000,x
lsr a
lsr forward1,x
lsr h'ff,x
nop
ora #forward1
ora #h'ff
ora (100),y
ora (100,x)
ora 100
ora 1000
ora 1000,x
ora 1000,y
ora forward1,x
ora h'ff,x
pha
php
pla
plp
rol 100
rol 1000
rol 1000,x
rol a
rol forward1,x
rol h'ff,x
ror 100
ror 1000
ror 1000,x
ror a
ror forward1,x
ror h'ff,x
rti
rts
sbc #forward1
sbc #h'ff
sbc (100),y
sbc (100,x)
sbc 100
sbc 1000
sbc 1000,x
sbc 1000,y
sbc forward1,x
sbc h'ff,x
sec
sed
sei
sta (100),y
sta (100,x)
sta 100
sta 1000
sta 1000,x
sta 1000,y
sta forward1,x
sta h'ff,x
stx 100
stx 1000
stx forward1,y
stx h'ff,y
sty 100
sty 1000
sty forward1,x
sty h'ff,x
tax
tay
tsx
txa
txs
tya
synctst1:
adc #forward1
adc #forward2
adc (forward3),y
adc (forward3,x)
adc forward3
adc forward4
adc forward4,x
adc forward4,y
adc forward1,x
adc forward2,x
and #forward1
and #forward2
and (forward3),y
and (forward3,x)
and forward3
and forward4
and forward4,x
and forward4,y
and forward1,x
and forward2,x
asl forward3
asl forward4
asl forward4,x
asl a
asl forward1,x
asl forward2,x
bcc reltst2
bcs reltst2
beq reltst2
bit forward4
bit forward1
bit forward2
reltst2: bmi reltst2
bne reltst2
bpl reltst2
bvc reltst2
bvs reltst2
clc
cld
cli
clv
cmp #forward1
cmp #forward2
cmp (forward3),y
cmp (forward3,x)
cmp forward3
cmp forward4
cmp forward4,x
cmp forward4,y
cmp forward1,x
cmp forward2,x
cpx #forward1
cpx #forward2
cpx forward3
cpx forward4
cpy #forward1
cpy #forward2
cpy forward3
cpy forward4
dec forward3
dec forward4
dec forward4,x
dec forward1,x
dec forward2,x
dex
dey
eor #forward1
eor #forward2
eor (forward3),y
eor (forward3,x)
eor forward3
eor forward4
eor forward4,x
eor forward4,y
eor forward1,x
eor forward2,x
inc forward3
inc forward4
inc forward4,x
inc forward1,x
inc forward2,x
inx
iny
jmp (forward4)
jmp forward3
jmp forward4
jsr forward3
jsr forward4
lda #forward1
lda #forward2
lda (forward3),y
lda (forward3,x)
lda forward3
lda forward4
lda forward4,x
lda forward4,y
lda forward1,x
lda forward2,x
ldx #forward1
ldx #forward2
ldx 0,y
ldx forward3
ldx forward3,y
ldx forward4
ldx forward4,y
lsr forward3
lsr forward4
lsr forward4,x
lsr a
lsr forward1,x
lsr forward2,x
nop
ora #forward1
ora #forward2
ora (forward3),y
ora (forward3,x)
ora forward3
ora forward4
ora forward4,x
ora forward4,y
ora forward1,x
ora forward2,x
pha
php
pla
plp
rol forward3
rol forward4
rol forward4,x
rol a
rol forward1,x
rol forward2,x
ror forward3
ror forward4
ror forward4,x
ror a
ror forward1,x
ror forward2,x
rti
rts
sbc #forward1
sbc #forward2
sbc (forward3),y
sbc (forward3,x)
sbc forward3
sbc forward4
sbc forward4,x
sbc forward4,y
sbc forward1,x
sbc forward2,x
sec
sed
sei
sta (forward3),y
sta (forward3,x)
sta forward3
sta forward4
sta forward4,x
sta forward4,y
sta forward1,x
sta forward2,x
stx forward3
stx forward4
stx forward1,y
stx forward2,y
sty forward3
sty forward4
sty forward1,x
sty forward2,x
tax
tay
tsx
txa
txs
tya
synctst2:
.equ forward1,h'00
.equ forward2,h'ff
.equ forward3,100
.equ forward4,1000
.end
Directory of PC-SIG Library Disk #0776
Volume in drive A has no label
Directory of A:\
GO BAT 38 6-16-87 2:26p
GO TXT 1268 7-06-90 2:42a
FILE0776 TXT 2295 7-10-90 1:27p
A18 <DIR>
A65 <DIR>
5 file(s) 3601 bytes
Directory of A:\A18
. <DIR>
.. <DIR>
A18 EXE 54240 1-29-90 7:32p
BROCH PC 27838 2-05-90 10:44a
EXAMPLE ASM 1982 3-15-87 9:39p
LEVELI DOC 23780 3-22-90 6:29a
MNEMLEV1 ASM 3344 11-30-86 6:29p
MNEMLEV2 ASM 4043 4-14-87 6:11p
READI ME 1465 2-07-90 3:39p
9 file(s) 116692 bytes
Directory of A:\A65
. <DIR>
.. <DIR>
A65 EXE 57040 1-29-90 7:33p
BROCH PC 27838 2-05-90 10:44a
EXAMPLE ASM 2289 11-26-86 9:15p
LEVELI DOC 23780 3-22-90 6:29a
MAC ASM 448 8-23-88 4:27p
MNEMTEST ASM 7782 10-07-88 6:07p
READI ME 1465 2-07-90 3:39p
9 file(s) 120642 bytes
Total files listed:
23 file(s) 240935 bytes
69632 bytes free