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PC-SIG Diskette Library (Disk #578)
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Information about “C TUTOR 2 OF 2 (ALSO 577)”
C TUTOR is a comprehensive instructional course for the C programming
language which assumes the user has a moderate amount of programming
experience.
The C source code is included for each of several examples discussed
throughout the tutorial. These examples are meant to be studied and
then compiled and run by the student. The examples are short and focus
on specific topics.
All of the points of C language, including properly-structured
programming techniques, are covered at the elementary level. The
description and instruction are applicable to most compilers with some
slight differences.
FILE0578.TXT
Disk No: 578
Disk Title: C Tutor 2 of 2 (577 1st disk in set) (Disk 2 of 2)
PC-SIG Version: S2.2
Program Title: C Tutor
Author Version: 2.4
Author Registration: $15.00 to $39.95.
Special Requirements: None.
C TUTOR is a comprehensive instructional course for the C programming
language which assumes the user has a moderate amount of programming
experience.
The C source code is included for each of several examples discussed
throughout the tutorial. These examples are meant to be studied and
then compiled and run by the student. The examples are short and focus
on specific topics.
All of the points of C language, including properly-structured
programming techniques, are covered at the elementary level. The
description and instruction are applicable to most compilers with some
slight differences.
PC-SIG
1030D East Duane Avenue
Sunnyvale Ca. 94086
(408) 730-9291
(c) Copyright 1989 PC-SIG, Inc.
GO.TXT
╔═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
║ <<<< Disk No: 578 C TUTOR version 2.2 (disk 2 of 2) >>>> ║
╠═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╣
║ ║
║ To print the source code on this disk, type: ║
║ ║
║ PRINTALL (press enter) ║
║ ║
╚═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝
VC.DOC
The Visual Calculator - Version 1.10
The visual calculator was written to be used for quick
calculations of the variety that would ordinarily be done
with a hand held calculator. There is no allowance for
programming loops, or indirect variables, or any of the
other facilities of a modern programming language. There
are no complications either, and this program should not
require more than a few minutes for the experienced com-
puter user to learn to use, and only slightly longer for
the person inexperienced with computers.
It is suggested that you slowly run through the tutor-
ial first, performing the operations suggested, then read
the following comments for a description of the visual
calculator. This program is intended to be much more comp-
rehensive than the little on-screen calculators that have
become popular, but it is not memory resident. Due to the
expected future popularity of such programs as "Windows",
this program can be as convenient as the present memory
resident programs.
The Visual Calculator Tutorial
1. Copy all files to another working diskette with your
operating system or to a single directory on your hard
disk.
2. Type VC <return>
You will get the beginning screen containing the vari-
able boxes and the help box at the top. The center of the
screen contains the transcript box, and at the bottom you
will find the Input box.
3. Type A = 123.45 <return>
You will find that the value is displayed in the top
box and the value will also be displayed at the left of
the input equation in the transcript box.
4. Type B = SQRT(A) <return>
You will find the square root of A displayed in both
places next to the variable B. You may have noticed that
the system doesn't care if you use upper or lower case,
it forces it to upper case. You now have defined some
values for the variables A and B.
5. Type D = 1.23*SIN(SQRT(1.2345 + B*B/A)) <return>
Spaces between variables don't matter and you can put
them in where you desire to make it look nice. If you get
an error message, simply use the left and right cursor
keys along with the delete key to fix up the error and
hit the return again. You don't even have to be at the
end of the line to hit the return.
6. Hit the F6 key then <return>
The F6 requests a file to be read in and if you don't
specify a filename, it reads in the file named "HELP".
This would be a good place to store a list of your other
files in the same manner as this file.
7. Hit the F6 key then type AMORT <return>
This reads in the file named "AMORT" and calculates
each line as it reads it in. Notice that it also changed
the names of the variables that it uses to make them more
meaningful to you.
8. Type PRINC = 30000 <return>
This changes the amount of the loan. We would like to
recalculate the payment which we will in the next few steps.
9. Move the arrow up to the line that starts "PMNT=..." by
using the up and down arrow keys. When the arrow is point-
ing at the line in question,...
10. Hit the F9 key.
This moves the line pointed at, by the little arrow,
into the input box where it can be modified or used again
as is.
11. Hit the <return> key.
This will recalculate the payment based on the new
principal and the old interest rates and time of repay-
ment. These could also be changed and the payment
recalculated.
12. Make sure your printer is ready and hit the F3 key.
This will cause a "Print on" message to be printed on
your printer and a little "Print" message to be displayed
in the upper right of your screen. All equations and the
results will be printed for a hardcopy of your calculating
session.
13. Hit the F6 key again
You will get another prompt for a file name.
14. Type PAYMENT <return>
This file will be read in that will give you the results
of your mortgage after the first payment. The results will
also be printed out.
15. Hit the F6 key again and <return>
The last file read in will be reused again and the result
of making the second payment will be displayed on the moni-
tor and the printer.
16. Repeat step 15 three or four times.
17. Hit the F1 key.
A help screen will appear describing the various math
functions available. They can be nested to whatever level
you desire.
18. Hit the F2 key.
A help screen will appear with a very brief description
of the system functions available.
19. Hit the "Home" key.
You will be immediately transported to the very top of
the transcript where the welcome message was originally
seen. The Pgup, Pgdn, Home, and End keys will get you
through the transcript window very quickly.
20. Move the little arrow to the line that starts "# A-PRINC",
and hit the F4 key once.
You will see that the asterisk appears in front of the
line. This will "mark" the line. Continuing to hit the F4
key will toggle the asterisk on and off.
21. Move the arrow to the line that starts "# E-EQUITY" and mark
this line too.
22. Hit the F5 key
The system is now prompting you for a file name to
output to.
23. Type STUFF <return>
This is simply a filename. Any valid filename could be
used. All lines in the transcript box that are "marked"
will be output to the file "STUFF".
24. Hit the F6 key and type STUFF <return>
All of the lines that were just output will be read in
and all calculations will be done.
25. Hit the F3 key if the printer is still on.
26. Hit the F6 key and <return>
The file will be read in again without printing.
27. Hit the F10 key and answer the prompt with Y to end the
session.
28. Type VC <return> again to restart the program.
29. Hit the F6 key, type TEST <return>
A file with 50 lines will be read in and all calcu-
lations performed as an example of the kinds of equations
that can be evaluated.
30. Type the following; # I-D J-O K-H L-X <return>
This tells the system that we want the variable "I" to
print out in Decimal notation, the variable "J" to print
out in Octal notation, and "K" and "L" to print out in
HeXadecimal notation. (Note - the # must be in the first
column.)
31. Type I = 12345 <return>
The variable I will be displayed in all three notations
in the top box and in decimal notation in the transcript
box.
32. Type J = 12345 <return>
The variable J will be displayed in Octal notation in
the transcript box and on the printer if it is turned
on and ready.
33. Type K = 12345 <return>
The variable K will be displayed in Hex notation in the
transcript box.
34. Type I = 012345 <return>
The value of I is read in as an octal value due to the
leading zero, but is still displayed as a decimal value.
35. Type J = 0X12345 <return>
The value of J is read in as a hexadecimal value due to
the leading 0X.
36. Type M = 0XFFFF <return>
The variable M is read in as Hexadecimal and displayed
in all three formats in the top box, but as decimal in the
transcript box. The default display for the integers is
decimal.
37. Type I = SQRT(48) <return>
The square root is calculated using 15 significant
digits and the result is truncated to the next lower
value. All calculations are done this way and the result
is truncated to the integer value before display.
38. Type A = FACT(170)/FACT(169) - 170 <return>
The very small result will indicate to you a measure
of the accuracy of calculations. It may not be apparent
to you that we are using a factorial function. Calculate
the value of FACT(170) to get an idea of the dynamic
range available with this system.
39. Hit the F10 key and answer the prompt with Y.
40. Restart the program and try some of your favorite math
exercises.
Additional Comments
1. Files on the distribution disk.
VC.DOC - The file you are reading.
VC.EXE - The executable file for the Visual Calculator.
HELP - The users index of files.
AMORT - The loan amortization equations.
PAYMENT - The monthly payment calculations.
TEST - A group of 50 "nonsense" equations.
2. Inputting equations.
All equations are typed into the input box in a normal
mathematical expression. Only single valued expressions
can be evaluated, no simultaneous equations can be solved
with this system.
To raise "A" to the power of "B", use;
C = EXP(B*LOG(A)) $ any variables can be used
A dollar sign anywhere in a line renders the remainder
of that line as a comment only.
Nesting is allowable to any depth but the entire expres-
sion must fit in the input window. Longer expressions must
be broken down into smaller statements.
The variables "I" through "J" can be mixed in with the
variables "A" through "F" in any manner. The "I" variables
are truncated after evaluation so can only be used to
store integer values, but that would be acceptable in many
cases, such as the original value of the loan in the above
example.
3. Naming variables
In order to make the equations easier to read, the names
of the variables "A" through "F" can be changed to any
names you like with up to 6 characters. The first must be
alphabetic and the rest can be alphabetic or numeric. To
change the names, use the # sign in the first column of the
statement and any order of variable name groups. A variable
group is composed of a variable name "A" through "F", then
a minus sign, and finally the new name with no blanks any-
where in the group. Any number of blanks can be used between
the groups, and you can put as many as you like on one input
line, and additional groups on other lines.
Intermixed with the above, or placed on their own input
line, you can put as many "base" groups as you like for the
variables "I" through "N". A base group consists of the
variable name, a minus sign, and one of the letters, "D",
"O", "H", or "X".
If, after naming the variables, you wish to rename them
to something else, the original names are used for the new
name changes. Thus if "A" were named "PLACE" and you wished
to rename it to "WHERE" the proper method would be to use
"# A-WHERE".
4. Limitations
This version of the Visual Calculator has a limit of
approximately 800 lines in the transcript box. That should
be enough for most applications. If you need more, I would
suggest you write the program in a high level language.
The limit of numbers is about ten to the plus or minus
power of 308. Of course both positive and negative numbers
can be used everywhere. The limit for the "I" variables is
about 16 million, and can only be zero or positive. The
exact number in 2 to the 24th power minus 1. It is the
number displayed in the variable "N" when you load the
system.
The biggest limitation of the system is the limit of your
own creativity. It is up to you to use it in a productive
manner or simply to allow it to collect dust like so many
of your other programs. I might add that I also have many
dust collectors that I have failed to learn to use.
Directory of PC-SIG Library Disk #0578
Volume in drive A has no label
Directory of A:\
AMORT 136 11-10-89 12:00p
ANYFILE C 640 11-10-89 12:00p
BACKWARD C 763 11-10-89 12:00p
BETTERIN C 784 11-10-89 12:00p
BIGARRAY C 904 11-10-89 12:00p
BIGDYNL C 1859 11-10-89 12:00p
BITFIELD C 1103 11-10-89 12:00p
BITOPS C 1494 11-10-89 12:00p
BREAKCON C 829 11-10-89 12:00p
CHARCLAS C 1769 11-10-89 12:00p
CHAROUT C 800 11-10-89 12:00p
CHRSTRG C 531 11-10-89 12:00p
COMBINE C 367 11-10-89 12:00p
COMMENTS C 466 11-10-89 12:00p
COMPARES C 1737 11-10-89 12:00p
CRYPTIC C 1637 11-10-89 12:00p
DATA C 15473 11-10-89 12:00p
DEFIN H 2636 11-10-89 12:00p
DEFINE C 772 11-10-89 12:00p
DOSEX C 9459 11-10-89 12:00p
DOWHILE C 412 11-10-89 12:00p
DUMBCONV C 906 11-10-89 12:00p
DYNLINK C 2534 11-10-89 12:00p
DYNLIST C 1666 11-10-89 12:00p
ENUM C 744 11-10-89 12:00p
FILE C 10273 11-10-89 12:00p
FILE0578 TXT 2073 1-02-90 6:16p
FIRSTEX C 119 11-10-89 12:00p
FLOATSQ C 1297 11-10-89 12:00p
FLOATSQ2 C 1387 11-10-89 12:00p
FORLOOP C 455 11-10-89 12:00p
FORMOUT C 953 11-10-89 12:00p
FUNCPNT C 1138 11-10-89 12:00p
GO BAT 38 10-19-87 3:56p
GO TXT 694 1-27-89 3:42p
GOODFORM C 310 11-10-89 12:00p
GOTOEX C 1737 11-10-89 12:00p
HELP 169 11-10-89 12:00p
IFELSE C 931 11-10-89 12:00p
INMEM C 795 11-10-89 12:00p
INTARRAY C 760 11-10-89 12:00p
INTASIGN C 779 11-10-89 12:00p
INTIN C 528 11-10-89 12:00p
LIST C 1666 11-10-89 12:00p
LIST EXE 4800 11-10-89 12:00p
LISTF C 6707 11-10-89 12:00p
LOTTYPES C 2195 11-10-89 12:00p
MACRO C 1939 11-10-89 12:00p
MORTYPES C 776 11-10-89 12:00p
MULTIARY C 1147 11-10-89 12:00p
NESTED C 998 11-10-89 12:00p
ONEINT C 230 11-10-89 12:00p
PASSBACK C 1550 11-10-89 12:00p
PAYMENT 107 11-10-89 12:00p
POINTER C 612 11-10-89 12:00p
POINTER2 C 1069 11-10-89 12:00p
PRINTALL BAT 1749 11-10-89 12:00p
PRINTDAT C 762 11-10-89 12:00p
READ ME 4514 11-10-89 12:00p
READCHAR C 1125 11-10-89 12:00p
READGOOD C 618 11-10-89 12:00p
READLINE C 1087 11-10-89 12:00p
READTEXT C 609 11-10-89 12:00p
RECURSON C 862 11-10-89 12:00p
SCOPE C 1744 11-10-89 12:00p
SHIFTER C 1536 11-10-89 12:00p
SIMPLEIO C 621 11-10-89 12:00p
SINGLEIO C 563 11-10-89 12:00p
SPECIAL C 1406 11-10-89 12:00p
SQUARES C 893 11-10-89 12:00p
STRINGIN C 602 11-10-89 12:00p
STRINGS C 875 11-10-89 12:00p
STRUCT DEF 1122 11-10-89 12:00p
STRUCT1 C 793 11-10-89 12:00p
STRUCT2 C 1236 11-10-89 12:00p
STRUCT3 C 1343 11-10-89 12:00p
SUMSQRES C 1139 11-10-89 12:00p
SWITCH C 1038 11-10-89 12:00p
TEMPCONV C 1814 11-10-89 12:00p
TEST 1154 11-10-89 12:00p
TEST BAT 617 11-10-89 12:00p
TRIVIAL C 14 11-10-89 12:00p
TWOWAY C 881 11-10-89 12:00p
UGLYFORM C 207 11-10-89 12:00p
UNION1 C 762 11-10-89 12:00p
UNION2 C 1957 11-10-89 12:00p
UPLOW C 1372 11-10-89 12:00p
VC C 15299 11-10-89 12:00p
VC DOC 12792 11-10-89 12:00p
VC EXE 34024 11-10-89 12:00p
VIDEO C 12235 11-10-89 12:00p
WHATNEXT C 3506 11-10-89 12:00p
WHILE C 453 11-10-89 12:00p
WRTMORE C 173 11-10-89 12:00p
WRTSOME C 63 11-10-89 12:00p
ANSWERS <DIR>
96 file(s) 212213 bytes
Directory of A:\ANSWERS
. <DIR>
.. <DIR>
CH02_1 C 95 11-10-89 12:00p
CH02_2 C 195 11-10-89 12:00p
CH03_1A C 277 11-10-89 12:00p
CH03_1B C 301 11-10-89 12:00p
CH03_1C C 305 11-10-89 12:00p
CH03_2 C 602 11-10-89 12:00p
CH04_1 C 348 11-10-89 12:00p
CH04_2 C 434 11-10-89 12:00p
CH04_3 C 257 11-10-89 12:00p
CH05_1 C 1825 11-10-89 12:00p
CH05_2 C 318 11-10-89 12:00p
CH05_3 C 738 11-10-89 12:00p
CH06_1 C 661 11-10-89 12:00p
CH07_1 C 866 11-10-89 12:00p
CH07_2 C 755 11-10-89 12:00p
CH08_1 C 705 11-10-89 12:00p
CH08_2 C 710 11-10-89 12:00p
CH09_1 C 496 11-10-89 12:00p
CH10_1 C 705 11-10-89 12:00p
CH10_2 C 557 11-10-89 12:00p
CH10_3 C 739 11-10-89 12:00p
CH11_1 C 1051 11-10-89 12:00p
CH11_2 C 1078 11-10-89 12:00p
CH12_1 C 834 11-10-89 12:00p
CH12_2 C 1226 11-10-89 12:00p
27 file(s) 16078 bytes
Total files listed:
123 file(s) 228291 bytes
30720 bytes free