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Information about “PASCAL UTILITIES DEMO”
The Pascal Utilities Package consists of over 70 Pascal callable
procedures and functions to control the screen, keyboard, graphics,
light pen, joysticks, music, printers and communication ports. It
provides IBM PC DOS Pascal programmers an easy-to-use, yet powerful
method for utilizing the special features of the IBM PC It is written
in Assembly language and provides device level control of the IBM PC.
This disk contains all the files from the commercially available
Pascal Utilities Package except for all the object code modules
(SLIB.OBJ, ALIB.OBJ, GLIB.OBJ, PLIB.OBJ and GUNIT.OBJ). The five
modules include:
SLIB - Screen and Keyboard control.
PLIB - Peripheral Control (music, printers, communication ports).
GLIB - Graphics (line drawing graphics - a line, circle/ellipse).
ALIB - Animation (pattern paint, get picture and put picture).
GUNIT- Graphics using world coordinates (Window and Viewport
transformation).
NOTE: THIS PACKAGE IS IBM PC-DOS SPECIFIC.
System Requirements: Two disk drives, PC-DOS, IBM Pascal Compiler
How to Start: Consult the MANUAL.TXT and your compiler manual.
Suggested Registration: $119.00 gets you the complete package
including source code and a printed, bound 110 page manual.
File Descriptions:
MANUAL TXT Manual for the Pascal utilities.
DEMOMINI EXE Demo random number, sound, screen control, and drawing.
DEMO EXE Demostrates music, animation, bar, pie, and screen.
DEMOS INC Interface file for the demos.
MINI OBJ Library object module for the pascal utilities.
DEMOG INC Interface file for the demog.
DEMOMINI OBJ Object codes.
DEMOG PAS Source code for graphics and music demo.
DEMO PAS Source code for the main program for demo.exe.
MINI INC Function declarations to be include by the Pascal program.
GUNIT INC Graphics using world coordinated (window and viewport).
ALIB INC Animation (pattern fill, get/put picture)declarations.
GLIB INC Graphics (line drawing) module declarations.
PLIB INC Peripheral control and sound/music module declarations.
SLIB INC Screen/keyboard control module declarations.
DEMOS PAS Source code for displaying a table of color text.
DEMOMINI PAS Source codes.
README Intro to PASCAL utilities
CRC.TXT
PC-SIG Disk No. #74, version v1_1
The following is a list of the file checksums which should be produced by
the CRCK4 program on disk #9 (and others). If the CRC numbers do not match
you may have a bad file. To use type: CRCK4 <filespec>
CRCK4 output for this disk:
CRCK ver 4.2B (MS DOS VERSION )
CTL-S pauses, CTL-C aborts
--> FILE: README . CRC = 78 05
--> FILE: MANUAL .TXT CRC = 1B 67
--> FILE: DEMO .EXE CRC = 94 A0
--> FILE: DEMOMINI.EXE CRC = 90 46
--> FILE: MINI .OBJ CRC = 0E BD
--> FILE: DEMOMINI.OBJ CRC = EC B4
--> FILE: GUNIT .INC CRC = 2F 7E
--> FILE: DEMOG .INC CRC = 00 00
--> FILE: GLIB .INC CRC = 75 BE
--> FILE: ALIB .INC CRC = 10 99
--> FILE: SLIB .INC CRC = B3 00
--> FILE: PLIB .INC CRC = 06 57
--> FILE: DEMOS .INC CRC = 6B 5F
--> FILE: MINI .INC CRC = 0A 3F
--> FILE: DEMO .PAS CRC = 06 31
--> FILE: DEMOG .PAS CRC = 8E 10
--> FILE: DEMOS .PAS CRC = 66 C2
--> FILE: DEMOMINI.PAS CRC = 81 93
---------------------> SUM OF CRCS = 15 23
DONE
These and other Public Domain and user-supported programs from:
PC Software Interest Group
1125 Stewart Ct Suite G
Sunnyvale, CA 94086
(408) 730-9291
MANUAL.TXT
PASCAL UTILITIES
Version 2.1
for the IBM PC DOS PASCAL
KEYBOARD/SCREEN CONTROL
GRAPHICS
MUSIC and PERIPHERAL CONTROL
Software Labs
1052 Lily Avenue
Sunnyvale, CA 94086
(408)-241-9539
August 1983
(C) Copyright Software Labs 1983
1
Pascal Utilities 2.1
CONTENTS
1. Introduction ..........................................................1-1
Capabilities .........................................................1-2
SLIB - Screen/Keyboard Control Module.............................1-2
PLIB - Peripheral Control (Music, Printers, Communication ports)..1-2
GLIB - Graphics (Line drawing graphics - line, circle/ellipse)....1-3
ALIB - Animation (Pattern paint, get and put picture).............1-3
GUNIT - Graphics using world coordinates (Window and Viewport).....1-5
Hardware Requirements.................................................1-5
2. General Information....................................................2-1
Using the Screen......................................................2-1
Writing Text.......................................................2-1
Writing Graphics...................................................2-2
Viewport and Clipping.................................................2-2
Using the GUNIT.......................................................2-3
Text and Graphics Cursors.............................................2-4
3. Getting Started........................................................3-1
Diskette Files........................................................3-1
How to Compile Your Pascal Program with the Pascal Utilities........3-2
How to Link your Program with the Pascal Utilities...................3-3
A Sample Program .....................................................3-4
4. Reference Manual ......................................................4-1
Appendix A. Sample Program Listings......................................A-1
Appendix B. Include Files .....................................B-1
1
1.Introduction
The Pascal Utilities Package is a set of Pascal callable procedures and
functions to control the screen, keyboard, graphics, music, printers and
communication ports. It provides IBM PC DOS Pascal programmers an easy-to-use,
yet powerful method for utilizing the special features of the IBM Personal
Computer. The Pascal Utilities Package is written in Assembly language
providing device level control of the IBM PC.
In addition to providing primitive functions such as drawing a dot on the
screen, the Pascal Utilities package provides powerful functions such as
drawing a circle, ellipse, pie, or part of circle/ellipse all through a single
function call. A good deal of effort has gone into creating the compatible
features provided by IBM-BASIC such as background music and graphics picture
store/retrieve.
The Pascal Utilities provides additional features not found in the IBM-
BASIC such as a graphics cursor, multiple pattern fill, multiple joystick
control, and easy-to-use music composing formats. Algorithms have been
implemented in Assembly language to increase speed and efficiency. Special
features of the IBM PC can now be controlled from inside Pascal programs
through the Pascal Utilities. This allows the creation of more user-friendly
and powerful programs for business, education and entertainment.
Pascal Utilities 2.0 Introduction Page 1-1
1.1 Capabilities
The Pascal Utilities Package consists of the following five modules:
* SLIB - Screen and Keyboard control.
* PLIB - Peripheral Control (music, printers, communication ports).
* GLIB - Graphics (line drawing graphics - a line, circle/ellipse).
* ALIB - Animation (pattern paint, get picture and put picture).
* GUNIT- Graphics using world coordinates (Window and Viewport transformation).
A brief description of all the routines is listed in this section.
Detailed descriptions are included in "Section 4 Reference Manual". All the
routines, except for printer control routines are listed in alphabetical order
in Section 4.
1.1.1 SLIB -Screen/Keyboard Control Module:
o SCREEN -sets the screen mode and clears the screen.
o SCREENMODE -returns the screen mode, active page, and screen width.
o MONO -switches to the Monochrome monitor.
o MONITORC -switches to the Color/Graphics monitor.
o BORDER -selects the color for the screen border.
o LOCATE -moves the text cursor to the specified position on the screen.
o NEWCURSOR -defines the shape/size of the text cursor.
o READCURSOR -returns the cursor position and cursor shape/size.
o PUTCHAR -puts a character with attribute/color at the cursor position.
o PUTSTRING -writes a string with attribute at the current cursor position.
o PUTLSTRING -writes an lstring with attribute at the current cursor position.
o SCREENCHAR -returns character/attribute at the current cursor position.
o SCROLL -scrolls a screen window up/down.
o SELECTPAGE -selects an active page for displaying.
o INKEY -returns whether a key is pressed and what it is.
1.1.2 PLIB -Peripheral Control (music, printers, communication ports).
o MUSICINIT -initializes music interrupt routines.
o MUSICLOAD -loads the music buffer.
o MUSICGO -starts playing music.
o MUSICON -returns whether the background music is playing.
o MUSICSTOP -disables music interrupt routines.
o SOUND -gererates sound through the speaker.
o INPORT -reads a byte from an input port.
o OUTPORT -writes a byte to an output port.
o COMMIN -initializes an asynchronous communication port(RS232).
o COMMREAD -reads a byte from the specified communication port.
o COMMWRITE -writes a character to the specified communication port.
o COMMSTATUS -returns the status of the specified communication port.
o EMUTERM -emulates the PC as a terminal to login a remote computer system.
Pascal Utilities 2.0 Introduction Page 1-2
o RND -returns a random number between 0 and 65535.
o RANDOMIZE -gives a new seed for the random number generator.
o JOYSTICK -returns whether the joysticks are pressed and where they are.
o NUMDISK -returns the number of disk drives.
o NUMGAME -returns the number of game adapters.
o NUMMEMORY -returns the amount of RAM in the system.
o NUMPRAM -returns the amount of planar RAM in the system.
o NUMPRINTER -returns the number of printers.
o NUMCOMM -returns the number of communication ports.
o PRTINIT -initializes the specified printer.
o PRTSTATUS -returns the status of the specified printer.
o PRTCHR -prints a character on the specified printer.
o PRTLSTRING -prints an lstring on the specified printer.
Note that the following printer control routines are listed under
PRINTER CONTROL, not in alphabetical order as the rest of the routines in
"Section 4 Reference Manual".
o COMPRESS -compresses all the characters.
o DBLWIDTH -doubles characters width.
o FORMFEED -moves the paper to the next page.
o PRINTCRLF -prints CR-LF (carriage return and line feed).
o EMPHASIZE -prints bold characters.
o UNEMPHA -returns from the emphasize mode.
o DBLSTRIKE -double strikes each dot pattern for characters.
o UNDBLSTRIKE-returns from the dblstrike mode.
o REGULAR -returns to the regular mode.
1.1.3 GLIB -Graphics (line drawing graphics- a line, circle/ellipse).
o SCREENG -sets the screen mode and clears the screen.
o PALETTE -selects the palette and background color.
o VIEW -sets the clipping viewport.
o WRITEDOT -draws a dot on the graphics screen.
o READDOT -returns the color at the specified dot position.
o DRAWLINE -draws a line between two specified points.
o CIRCLEG -draws a circle/ellipse/arc/pie on the graphics screen.
o LIGHTPEN -returns whether the lightpen is pressed and where it is.
o JOYSTK -returns whether the joysticks are pressed and where they are.
o CURSORG -displays the graphics cursor.
1.1.4 ALIB -Animation (pattern paint, get and put picture).
o PAINT -fills an area with a texture pattern.
o GETPIC -stores a rectangular window of the screen as a string.
o PUTPIC -puts the stored picture on the screen.
Pascal Utilities 2.0 Introduction Page 1-3
1.1.5 GUNIT -Graphics using world coordinates (Window and Viewport transform).
o INITGUNIT -initializes the GUNIT routines and clears the screen.
o WINDOW -defines a window in the world coordinates for displaying.
o VIEWPORT -defines a portion of the display screen as a clipping viewport.
o DRAW -draws a line to the specified point in the world coordinate.
o MOVE -moves to the specified point in the world coordinate.
o PIE -draws a pie with filled pattern in the world coordinate.
o BAR -draws a box with filled pattern in the world coordinate.
o CIRCLEG -draws a cirlce/ellipse, arc, pie in the world coordinate.
o CURSOR -moves the graphics cursor to a point in the world coordinate.
o CURSORC -moves the text cursor to a point in the world coordinate.
1.2 Hardware Requirements
The minimum hardware required by the Pascal Utilities is the same as that
for the IBM Pascal Compiler:
o IBM Personal Computer with a minimum 128KB memory.
o Two diskette drives.
o IBM Disk operating System (DOS 1.0, 1.1 or 2.0).
o IBM DOS Pascal Compiler.
o Monochrome Display Adapter and Monochrome Display Monitor.
or
Color/Graphics Adapter and color monitor - required for color/graphics.
Pascal Utilities 2.0 Introduction Page 1-4
2. Gereral Information
2.1 Using the Screen
The IBM PC has two types of display adapters: the IBM Monochrome Display
and Parallel Printer Adapter (mode 0 ..6), and the Color/Graphics Monitor
Adapter (mode 7). The characteristics of screen modes are as follows:
mode Text_Column Text_Pages
0 : 40x25 BW 40 0 .. 7
1 : 40x25 Color 40 0 .. 7
2 : 80x25 BW 80 0 .. 3
3 : 80x25 Color 80 0 .. 3
4 : 320x200 Color 40 0 .. 0 Medium Resolution Graphics
5 : 320x200 BW 40 0 .. 0 Medium Resolution Graphics
6 : 640x200 BW 80 0 . 0 High Resolution Graphics
7 : 80x25 BW 80 0 .. 0 Monochrome Adapter
Procedure SCREEN(mode:integer) sets the screen mode and Function
SCREENMODE returns the current screen mode. For a PC with both adapters,
Procedure MONO and MONITORC switches between two monitors.
2.1.1 Writing Text
There are 25 rows across the screen in the text mode. These rows are
numbered from 0 to 24, from top to bottom. Each row has 80 (or 40, depending
on the screen mode) character positions.
The Pascal writeln procedure displays characters from left to right on
each row and advance to the following row, from row 0 to 23. When the cursor
would normally go to row 24 on the screen, row 0 through 23 are scrolled up
one row, so that what was row 0 disappears from the screen. Row 23 is blank,
and the cursor remains on row 23 to continue printing.
With the LOCATE procedure (in SLIB), you can control the location for
printing. You can build form generation and data entry programs.
Pascal Utilities 2.0 General Information Page 2-1
2.1.2 Writing Graphics
The graphics modes are available only for a PC with a Color/Graphics
Monitor Adapter. There are 320(or 640) horizontal points and 200 vertical
points in graphics mode. The conventional x-y coordinate system is used in the
graphics mode, i.e. (0,0) is at the lower left corner and (319,199) or
(639,199) is at the upper right corner. Each point of the 320 x 200 medium
resolution screen stores values between 0 and 3 ( two bits per point). And
each 640 x 200 high resolution screen stores either 1 or 0 (one bit per
point). The 'color' parameter for all the graphics write routines stores the
specified color value at points in the bit-map. The Color/Graphics Adapter
displays color according to the following table:
Medium_Resolution_Graphics High_Resolution_Graphics
Color Palette_0 Palette_1 Color Display
0 Background Background 0 Black
1 Green Cyan 1 White
2 Red Magenta
3 Brown White
2.2 Viewport and Clipping
There are two coordinate systems for displaying graphics on the screen.
They are defined as follows:
1. The screen coordinate system defines a 320 x 200 (x,y) coordinates for the
medium resolution graphics and 640 x 200 for the high resolution graphics.
Where the lower left corner has the coordinate (0, 0) and the upper right
corner has the coordinate (319, 199) for the medium or ( 639, 199) for the
high resolution graphics. Screen coordinates are specified in terms of
integers.
2. You can choose any world coordinate system and define a window in the
world coordinate system surrounding the information you want to display. World
coordinates are specified in real numbers.
In addition to the window, a viewport can be defined as a rectangle on
the screen where you would like the window's contents displayed. The window
defines what you want to display; the viewport specifies where on the screen
you want to put it.
GUNIT handles windowing transformation which maps the window onto the
viewport on the screen. It maps the two specified corners of the window onto
Pascal Utilities 2.0 General Information Page 2-2
the corresponding corners of the viewport. It maps x-coordinates and y-
coordinates independently. It is not necessary to have the same scaling factor
for x and y coordinates.
Furthermore, GUNIT displays only that portion of an object, i.e. graph
which is inside the window. Any part of the object not inside the window is
made invisible by GUNIT through a process known as clipping.
For example, you can define a world coordinate system where x-coordinates
are between 0.0 and 1.0 and y-coordinates are between -1.0 and 1.0. The lower
left corner has coordinate (0.0, -1.0) and the upper right corner has
coordinate (1.0, 1.0). If you want to map the window onto the lower right
quadrangle on the medium resolution screen then you can use the following two
procedures:
WINDOW(0.0, -1.0, 1.0, 1.0); {x_min, y_min, x_max, y_max }
VIEWPORT(160, 0, 319, 100); {lower right quangle}
After you call these two procedure, if you use the GUNIT procedure try to
draw a line from (-1.0, 0.0) to (1.0, 0.0) then only the portion (0.0, 0.67)
to (1.0, 0.0) will be displayed. The rest of the line is clipped.
The GUNIT module provides the world coordinate system and window
transformation. It is a Pascal unit using Assemly routines from GLIB and
ALIB. The ALIB and Glib routines display graphics only in the screen
coordinates. The VIEW procedure (in GLIB) defines a clipping viewport for the
GLIB and ALIB procedures.
2.3 Using the GUNIT
Before you use any procedure in GUNIT, you must call the INITGUNIT
procedure which initializes windowing transformation. You can call Procedure
VIEWPORT and WINDOW in any order. The most recent call resets the previous
transformation.
Since GUNIT is implemented in terms of routines from SLIB, GLIB and ALIB,
you must link these object modules with the GUNIT object module during the
linking step. See Section 3 for more details.
Pascal Utilities 2.0 General Information Page 2-3
2.4 Text and Graphics Cursors
All the Pascal write routines display text at the current text cursor
position on the screen. The LOCATE procedure (in SLIB) moves the text cursor
although it is invisible in the graphics modes (4, 5, & 6). The CURSORC
procedure (in GUNIT) moves the text cursor in the specified world coordinates.
A graphics cursor is generated as a 5x5 cross hair on the graphics
screen which is a unique feature provided by Software Labs. It is also
clipped by the specified viewport. The CURSORG procedure is a GLIB procedure
which moves the graphics cursor using the screen coordinates. The CURSOR
procedure is a GUNIT procedure which also moves the graphics cursor using the
world coordinates.
The graphics cursor is independent of the graphics write routines.
Unlike the text cursor, you don't have to move the graphics cursor in order to
write graphics to the specified position. The graphics cursor is also clipped
by the specified viewport. You can move it out of the current viewport to make
it invisible.
Pascal Utilities 2.0 General Information Page 2-4
3. Getting Started
The Pascal Utilities package consists of this user's guide and a
diskette. It is advisable to make and use a backup copy of the diskette. Use
the DOS command DISKCOPY as described in the DOS manual.
3.1 Diskette Files
The diskette contains the following files:
o Screen
SLIB.INC -procedure declarations (include file for Pascal programs).
SLIB.OBJ -object code to be linked.
o Peripheral Control and Music
PLIB.INC -procedure declarations (include file for Pascal programs).
PLIB.OBJ -object code to be linked.
o Graphics
GLIB.INC -procedure declarations (include file for Pascal programs).
GLIB.OBJ -object code to be linked.
ALIB.INC -procedure declaraction (include file for Pascal programs).
ALIB.OBJ -object code to be linked.
GUNIT.INC-interface declarations (include file for Pascal programs).
GUNIT.OBJ-object code to be linked.
o Demostration program
DEMO.PAS -Pascal source codes for a sample program -Pascal Utilities Driver.
DEMO.EXE -execution codes.
DEMOG.PAS-a Pascal unit for graphics and music demo.
DEMOG.INC-interface file ( include file ).
DEMOS.PAS-a Pascal unit for displaying color tables.
DEMOS.INC-interface file ( include file ).
Pascal Utilities 2.0 Getting Started Page 3-1
3.2 How to Compile Your Pascal Program with the Pascal Utilities
The 'INC' files in the package are declarations for all the procedures
defined in that module. You must include procedure declarations in your
Pascal program source codes to tell the Pascal Compiler that these procedures
are external. You may either merge these declarations with your program or
use the Pascal Compiler '$INCLUDE' metacommand. For example, to use the
SCREEN procedure which clears the display screen you may use either the TEST1
or TEST2 sample program listed below.
program TEST1; program TEST2;
procedure SCREEN( mode:INTEGER);EXTERN; {$include:'b:SLIB.INC'}
begin begin
SCREEN(7); {monochrome screen } SCREEN(7);
{use 0..6 instead of 7 for Color Monitor}
writeln('A clear screen'); writeln('A clear screen');
end; { TEST1 } end; {TEST2}
To use procedures in the GUNIT, you must include the interface file
(GUNIT.INC) in your pascal program. For example, to draw a piece of pie on
the screen you may use the TEST3 program listed below.
{$include:'B:GUNIT.INC'} {interface file}
program TEST3;
uses SoftwareLabsg(MOVE, DRAW, WINDOW, VIEWPORT, INITGUNIT, CURSOR, CURSORC,
CIRCLG, PIE, BAR);
begin
INITGUNIT(4); {initialize the GUNIT to screen mode 4(320x200 Color)}
VIEWPORT(159, 0, 319, 199); {use right half screen x:159..319; y:0..199}
WINDOW (-1.1, -1.1, 1.1, 1.1 ); {defines the world window}
{all the coordinates in the world coordinates are mapped onto the viewport}
PIE( 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.3, 3, 2, 7); {draw a piece of pie with
center( 0.0, 0.0), width=1.0, length=1.0, starting angle=0.0
ending angle=0.3, interior color=3, boundary color=2 and pattern=7}
end; {TEST3}
To use the Pascal utilities in your Pascal program you must copy the
needed declaration files (SLIB.INC, PLIB.INC, GLIB.INC, ALIB.INC, GUNIT.INC)
to the diskette containing your Pascal source codes. Your program can then be
compiled using procedure described on Page 2-5 of the IBM Pascal Manual.
Pascal Utilities 2.0 Getting Started Page 3-2
3.3 How to Link Your Program with the Pascal Utilities
Programs utilizing the Pascal Utilities Package are linked in the same
way as any other programs utilizing subroutines libraries. The 'OBJ' files of
of the Pascal Utilities package are object codes to be linked with your object
codes obtained from the previous section. You must copy the needed 'OBJ'
files from the Pascal Utilities diskette to your diskette. Linking can then be
done by including the names of the needed 'OBJ' files. For example, to link
TEST1 from the previous section you would type:
A:link TEST1+SLIB
where TEST1 is the file name for your main program and SLIB is the only
Pascal Utilities module being used in TEST1. All the other prompts may be
answered as if you are not using the Pascal Utilities.
If you are using more than one module from the Pascal Utilities Package
then you can include their file names to the list. For example, the DEMO.OBJ
demostration program uses all the modules the linking prompt is as follows:
A:link DEMO+ALIB+GLIB+PLIB+SLIB+GUNIT
Another method is to copy all the needed 'OBJ' files from the Pascal
Utilities package into your PASCAL.LIB (with the Linker) diskette. If the
'OBJ' file is not in the default drive then you must write the drive name such
as 'A:link TEST3+A:GUNIT'.
A hard disk or RAM disk can increase compiling or linking speed. The
steps for those configurations can also be set up easily. The rule of thumb
is that during the compiling time (PAS1 only) you must tell the compiler where
the needed 'INC' files are and during the linking time you must tell the
linker where the needed 'OBJ' files are.
3.4 A Sample Program - The Pascal Utilites Driver
A sample program is included on the Pascal Utilities diskette. It is a
menu-driven program which demonstrates background music, pie charts, bar
charts, line charts, moving pictures and color tables. It may also be used to
test Pascal Utilities procedures with user supplied parameters.
Each command menu is displayed on the screen in two columns and five rows
format corresponding to the physical arrangement of the ten function keys (F1,
F2, .. F10) on the keyboard. You can press the corresponding function key to
traverse the command hierarchy or execute a specific routine. You can press
the ESC key to return to the previous command level or return to the DOS from
the top command level.
The driver will prompt you to enter the parameters of the procedure you
selected. The driver then executes that routine with these parameters. All the
returned parameters are then displayed on the screen. The driver was
Pascal Utilities 2.0 Getting Started Page 3-3
originally developed as a debugging tool. It allows testing each routine with
different parameters. More important, it allows testing of routines in any
combination.
In addition to driving individual routines, you can execute the DEMOG and
DEMOS unit from the top command menu. DEMOG demostrates the following
features:
* Plays three songs in cyclic order in background.
* Three viewports defined on the screen displaying Pie Charts, Bar Charts,
and Line Charts.
* Creation of a rabbit with open/close mouth.
* Creation of a turtle with moving tail.
* Displaying the graphic cursor whose y-coordinate is set by a random number.
* The rabbit moves from left to right on the screen.
* The position of the turtle is controlled by a joystick.
* Displaying all the palette and background colors.
DEMOS displays a table of all the color/attribute of characters on the
screen. The color code for a character can be obtained through its row number
and column number. For example, the color at row 12 and column 5 is 125.
You can execute the Pascal Utilities Driver by typing 'DEMO'. Use
function keys to traverse the command hierarchy and use the ESC key to return
to the previous comman level. All the other keys are ignored except for
cursor move keys (left, right, up, down and home). The system time is displayed
on the screen while the program is waiting for you to enter a key. The
current status of the screen is continuously displayed on the screen in the
following format:
19:35:23 (0,13,33) [2,103] a: 65 : 7
where 19:25:23 is the current time,
(0,13,33) is the cursor position (page, row, column),
[2,103] is the cursor size [start line, stop line],
a: 65: is the char, ord(char) and scan code for the last pressed key,
and 7 is the current screen mode.
Pascal Utilities 2.0 Getting Started Page 3-4
4. Reference Manual
Detail descriptions for each routine of the Pascal Utilities are listed
in this section. All the routines, except for the printer control routines
are listed in alphabetical order. The printer control routines (COMPRESS,
DBLWIDTH, FORMFEED, PRINTCRLF, EMPHASIZE, UNEMPHA, DBLSTRIKE, UNDBLSTRIKE, and
REGULAR) are listed under a single name 'Printer Control'.
No real number parameters are used in ALIB, GLIB, SLIB and PLIB. Real
number parameters are used as world coordinates in GUNIT.
Each routine is described by its module name, purpose, format, remarks
and examples in this section.
Pascal Utilities 2.0 Reference Manual Page 4-1
BAR
GUNIT Procedure
________________________________________________________________________________
Purpose: Draws a box with filled pattern on the screen.
Format: Procedure BAR(x1,y1,x2,y2:REAL;icolor,bcolor,pattern:INTEGER);
Remarks: (x1,y1) and (x2,y2) specify two points as opposite corners for the
rectangle box in the world coordinates.
icolor is a numeric expression which selects one color to fill the
interior of the rectangle. The color is specified as follows:
medium_resolution(mode_4&5) high_resolution(6)
icolor Palette 0 Palette 1 icolor display
0 background backgraoud 0 black
1 Green Cyan 1 white
2 Red Magenta
3 Brown White
bcolor is a numeric expression which selects one color to draw the
boundary of the rectangle.
pattern is a numeric expression which selects one out of the 40
available patterns as drawn in "Appendix B Pattern Patterns".
The bar should be specified inside the viewport.
Example: INITGUNIT(4); { initialize GUNIT 320x200 Color graphics mode }
VIEWPORT(0,0, 159, 199); { use the left side as the current viewport}
WINDOW(0.0, 0.0, 10.0, 1.0); { prefer working in this window}
BAR( 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.9, 1, 2, 9); { draw a bar with pattern 9 }
See Also:PAINT, PALETTE, WRITEDOT, PIE
Pascal Utilities 2.0 Reference Manual Page 4-2
BORDER
SLIB Procedure
________________________________________________________________________________
Purpose: Selects the screen border color for color text modes.
Format: Procedure BORDER(color :INTEGER);
Remarks: color is a numeric expression which selects border color. It is in
the range 0 to 31.
color display color display
0 Black 8 Gray
1 Blue 9 Light Blue
2 Green 10 Light Green
3 Cyan 11 Light Cyan
4 Red 12 Light Red
5 Magenta 13 Light Magenta
6 Brown 14 Yellow
7 White 15 High-intensity White
Color 16-31 select the high intensity set.
Example: SCREEN(1);
BORDER( 4);
This procedure selects screen mode 1 (80x25 color) and then selects
border color Red.
See Also:SCREEN, PALETTE
Pascal Utilities 2.0 Reference Manual Page 4-3
CIRCLE
GLIB Procedure
________________________________________________________________________________
Purpose: Draws an ellipse/circle, arc, pie on the screen.
Format: Procedure CIRCLE(cx, cy, width, height, color, sangle, eangle:INTEGER);
Remarks: cx is a numeric expression which selects the X-coordinate of the
center for the ellipse.
cy is a numeric expression which selects the Y-coordinate of the
center for the ellipse.
width is a numeric expression which specifies the width.
length is a numeric expression which specifies the length.
color is a numeric expression which selects one color from the
palette as set by the PALETTE procedure.
medium_resolution(mode_4&5) high_resolution(6)
icolor Palette 0 Palette 1 icolor display
0 background backgraoud 0 black
1 Green Cyan 1 white
2 Red Magenta
3 Brown White
sangle is a numeric expression which specifies the starting angle
in DEGREE.
eangle is a numeric expression which specifies the endding angle
in DEGREE.
The ellipse draws all the points (x,y) satisfy the following equation:
((x-cx)/width)*((x-cx)/width) + ((y-cy)/length)*((y-cy)/length) = 1
It passes through these four points (cx+width, cy), (cx-width, cy),
(cx, cy+length), and ( cx, cy-length) which are on the major and
minor axis of the ellipse.
If width equals length, it draws a circle.
Sangle and eangle specify where the drawing of the ellipse will start
and end. The angles are positioned in the standard mathematical way,
with 0 to the right and going counterclockwise.
If the sangle and eangle is negative (-0 is not allowed), the ellipse
Pascal Utilities 2.0 Reference Manual Page 4-4
will be connected to the center point with a line, and the angles will
be treated as if they were positive(note that this is not the same as
adding 360). The start angle may be greater or less than the end
angle.
Both sangle and eangle are integers specified in DEGREE, rather than
radians for your convience. Their ranges are not bounded except by the
limit of the integer (-32767 to 32767). These angles 45, 405, and 3645
specify the same angle. Also, -45, -405, and -3645 specify the same
angle but they draw an extra line to the center. To draw an
conventional angle of (-45), you shoud use 315, or -315.
The ellipse is clipped by the viewport specified by the VIEW procedure.
A new digital differential algorithm is invented by the staff of the
Software Labs. This efficient algorithm is implemted in the CIRCLE
procedure. It is clipped against the specified viewport.
Example: SCREEN(4); { 320X200 Color graphics mode }
PALETTE(0, 1); { palette 0; backgraound color Blue }
CIRCLE(50,50, 40, 40, 1, 135, 45); {three quarter circle centered
(450,50), radius 40, as shown on the lower left corner }
CIRCLE(150,50, 40, 40, 1, 45,135); {quarter circle lower right}
CIRCLE(50, 150, 40, 40, 1, -135, -45); { three quarter pie: upper left}
CIRCLE(150,150, 40, 40, 1, -45,135); {quarter pie: upper right}
See Also:SCREEN, PALETTE, READDOT, CIRCLG
Pascal Utilities 2.0 Reference Manual Page 4-5
CIRCLG
GUNIT Procedure
________________________________________________________________________________
Purpose: Draws an ellipse/circle, arc, pie in the world coordinate.
Format: Procedure CIRCLG(cx, cy, width, height : REAL; color:INTEGER;
sangle, eangle:REAL);
Remarks: cx is a numeric expression which selects the X-coordinate of the
center for the ellipse in the world coordinates.
cy is a numeric expression which selects the Y-coordinate of the
center for the ellipse in the world coordinate.
width is a numeric expression which specifies the width.
length is a numeric expression which specifies the length.
color is a numeric expression which selects one color from the
palette as set by the PALETTE procedure.
medium_resolution(mode_4&5) high_resolution(6)
icolor Palette 0 Palette 1 icolor display
0 background backgraoud 0 black
1 Green Cyan 1 white
2 Red Magenta
3 Brown White
sangle is the starting angle in radians.
eangle is the ending angle in radians.
The CIRCLG procedure is identical to the CIRCLE procedure except that
it uses the world coordinates and use radians in starting and ending
angles.
Pascal Utilities 2.0 Reference Manual Page 4-6
COMMINIT
PLIB Function
______________________________________________________________________________
Purpose: Initializes an asynchronous port on communication board.
Format: Function COMMINIT(portc,baud:INTEGER; parity :CHAR;
stopbits,wordlen: INTEGER): WORD;
Remarks: COMMINIT retuns the status as specified in the COMMSTATUS function.
portc is the device port number from 0 to 3.
baud is the baud rate (110,150,300,600,1200,2400,4800,9600).
parity is 'e' for even, 'o' for odd or 'n' for no parity.
stopbits is 1 or 2.
wordlen is 7 or 8 bits.
Example: status := COMMINIT(0,1200,'e',1,7);
This function sets up the asynchronous communication port 0 with
1200 baud, even parity, 1 stop bit and 7 bits data byte.
See Also:COMMREAD, COMMWRITE, EMUTERM
Pascal Utilities 2.0 Reference Manual Page 4-7
COMMREAD
PLIB Function
___________________________________________________________________________
Purpose: Reads a byte from a selected asynchronous communication port.
Format: Function COMMREAD(portc:INTEGER; VAR ch : CHAR):WORD;
Remarks: COMMREAD returns the status of the port as described in COMMSTATUS.
portc is the device port number from 0 to 3.
ch retuns a character from the specified port.
See Also:COMMWRITE, COMMINIT, EMUTERM
Pascal Utilities 2.0 Reference Manual Page 4-8
COMMSTATUS
PLIB Function
________________________________________________________________________
Purpose: Returns the status of a selected asynchronous communication port.
Format: Function COMMSTATUS(portc:INTEGER): WORD;
Remarks: COMMSTATUS returns the status as follows:
bit 15-8 contains the line control status
bit 15 = time out
bit 14 = trans shift register empty
bit 13 = tran holding register empty
bit 12 = break detect
bit 11 = framing error
bit 10 = parity error
bit 9 = overrun error
bit 8 = data ready
bit 7-0 contains the modem status
bit 7 = received line signal detected
bit 6 = ring indicator
bit 5 = data set ready
bit 4 = clear to send
bit 3 = delta receive line signal detected
bit 2 = trailing edge ring detector
bit 1 = delta data set ready
bit 0 = delta clear to send
portc is the device port number from 0 to 3.
You can define a proper record definition in order to decode from the
packed word specification.
See Also:COMMREAD,COMMINI,EMUTERM
Pascal Utilities 2.0 Reference Manual Page 4-9
COMMWRITE
PLIB Function
______________________________________________________________________
Purpose: Writes a byte to a selected asynchronous communication port.
Format: Function COMMWRITE(portc:INTEGER; ch: CHAR): WORD;
Remarks: COMMWRITE returns the status as specified in the COMMSTATUS function.
portc is the device port number from 0 to 3.
ch is the charater to be sent.
See Also:COMMREAD,COMMINIT,EMUTERM
Pascal Utilities 2.0 Reference Manual Page 4-10
CURSOR CURSORG
GUNIT Procedure GLIB Procedure
________________________________________________________________________________
Purpose: Moves the graphics cursor to the specified position on the screen.
Format: Procedure CURSOR(x,y:REAL);
Procedure CURSORG(ix, iy : INTEGER);
Remarks: (x,y) specifies the destination position in the world coordinates.
(ix,iy) specifies the destination position in the screen coordinates.
A graphics cursor is generated as a 5x5 cross hair on the screen.
It is displayed only inside the specified viewport.
Example: INITGUNIT(4); { initialize GUNIT 320x200 Color graphics mode }
VIEWPORT(159,0, 319, 199); { use the right side as the current
viewport}
WINDOW(-1.0, -1.0, 1.0, 1.0); { prefer working in this window}
CURSOR(0.0, 0.0); { display a cross hair cursor }
See Also:LOCATE, MOVE
Pascal Utilities 2.0 Reference Manual Page 4-11
CURSORC
GUNIT Procedure
________________________________________________________________________________
Purpose: Moves the text cursor to the specified position on the screen.
Format: Procedure CURSORC(x,y:REAL);
Remarks: (x,y) specifies the destination position in the world coordinates.
The CURSORC procedure moves the character cursor to the specified
position. It is equivalent to the LOCATE procedure in the SLIB.
Example: INITGUNIT(4); { initialize GUNIT 320x200 Color graphics mode }
VIEWPORT(159,0, 319, 199); { use the right side as the current
viewport}
WINDOW(-1.0, -1.0, 1.0, 1.0); { prefer working in this window}
CURSORC(0.0, 0.0); { locate the center }
PUTLSTRING(0, 1, 'Center'); { write character message }
See Also:CURSOR, LOCATE, MOVE
Pascal Utilities 2.0 Reference Manual Page 4-12
DRAW
GUNIT Procedure
________________________________________________________________________________
Purpose: Draws a line to the specified position on the screen.
Format: Procedure DRAW(x,y:REAL; color:INTEGER);
Remarks: (x,y) specifies the destination position in the world coordinates.
color selects the drawing color.
<-medium resolution(mode 4&5) -> <- high resolution-(6)>
color Palette 0 Palette 1 color display
0 background backgraoud 0 black
1 Green Cyan 1 white
2 Red Magenta
3 Brown White
A line is drawn from the current position to the destination. The
destination position becomes the starting position for the next DRAW
call. This line is clipped by the specified VIEWPORT and WINDOW.
The MOVE procedure moves the specified posiiton.
Example: INITGUNIT(4); { initialize GUNIT 320x200 Color graphics mode }
VIEWPORT(159,0, 319, 199); { use the right side as the current
viewport}
WINDOW(-1.0, -1.0, 1.0, 1.0); { prefer working in this window}
MOVE(-1.0, -1.0); { move to the origin }
DRAW(1.0, 1.0, 2); { draws a diagonal line in Red }
See Also:MOVE, PALETTE, READDOT, WRITEDOT, DRAWLINE
Pascal Utilities 2.0 Reference Manual Page 4-13
DRAWLINE
GLIB Procedure
________________________________________________________________________________
Purpose: Draws a line between two specified points on the screen.
Format: Procedure DRAWLINE(x1,y1,x2,y2,color:INTEGER);
Remarks: (x1,y1) and (x2,y2) specify two end points for that line. They are
clipped by the VIEW procedure as described in the WRITEDOT
procudure.
color is a numeric expression which selects one color from the
palette as set by the PALETTE procedure.
To draw a box, you can use the BAR procedure in the GUNIT.
Example: SCREEN(4); { 320X200 Color graphics mode }
PALETTE(0, 1); { palette 0; backgraound color Blue }
DRAWLINE(0,0, 200, 400, 2); {draw a RED line between (0,0) and
(200,400). Only the portion within the default viewport is visible,
See Also:SCREEN, READDOT, MOVE, DRAW, BAR
Pascal Utilities 2.0 Reference Manual Page 4-14
EMUTERM
PLIB procedure
______________________________________________________________________________
Purpose: Emulates the PC as a terminal to login a remote system
Format: Procedure EMUTERM(portc:INTEGER; exitkey, duplex: CHAR);
Remarks: portc is the device port number from 0 to 3.
exitkey is the key to exit the terminal emulation and go back to
local system (DOS).
duplex selects full duplex if it is 'f' or 'F' otherwise selects
half duplex.
Example: The following example shows how to login to remote system such as an
11/70 or HP 3000.
program TERMINAL;
var exitkey: char;
procedure EMUTERM(portc:integer; exitkey,duplex:char);extern;
begin
exitkey := CHR(4) {* use control D to go back to PC *}
COMMINIT(0,1200,'e',1,7);
EMUTERM(0,exitkey,'h');
end.
See Also:COMMREAD, COMMWRITE, COMMINIT
Pascal Utilities 2.0 Reference Manual Page 4-15
GETPIC
GLIB Procedure
________________________________________________________________________________
Purpose: Stores an area of the screen in the specified string.
Format: Procedure GETPIC(x1,y1,x2,y2:INTEGER; VAR pic : string);
Remarks: (x1,y1) specifies the left lower corner of the area of interest. The
range of x1 is 0 to 319 for screen modes 4 and 5 and 0 to 639
for mode 6 as described in WRITEDOT. The range of y1 is 0 to
199.
(x2,y2) specifies the upper right corner of the area. Their ranges are
the same as those of (x1, y1).
pic specifies the string to store the picture.
As described in the SCREEN procedure, one byte stores colors for four
points for medium resolution and stores eight points for high
resolusiton. The starting and ending picture positions, x1 and x2 must
be on the byte boundary. The GETPIC procedure uses the next byte
boundary if it is not on the byte boundary. In other words, the
conversion formula is as follows:
medium_resolution high_resolution
( (x+3) DIV 4 ) * 4 ( (x+7) DIV 8 ) * 8
If x is on the byte boundary, the formula returns the original value.
Otherwise, it advances to the next byte boundary.
There is NO restriction for Y-coordinate.
The string pic is used simply as a place to hold the image. The
required minimum size of the string is :
medium_resolution high_resolution
4+(conv(x2)-conv(x1))/4*(y2-y1+1) 4+(conv(x2)-conv(x1))/8*(y2-y1+1)
where conv is the formula described above. The information from the
screen is stored in the string as follows:
1. two characters giving the x dimension in bits.
2. two characters giving the y dimension in bits.
3. the image itself.
Note that the format is compatible with that of the BASIC GET statement.
GETPIC and PUTPIC can be used for high speed object motion in graphics
mode. You can use DRAWLINE and CIRCLE to create the boundaries and
use PAINT to fill the interior in 40 patterns. You can then use GETPIC
to hold the picture and use PUTPIC to display the previously saved
picture in high speed.
Pascal Utilities 2.0 Reference Manual Page 4-16
Example: VAR pic : string[1024]; i : INTEGER;
BEGIN
SCREEN(4); { 320X200 Color graphics mode }
PALETTE(0, 1); { palette 0; backgraound color Blue }
CIRCLE(40,40,35,35,2,0,360); { draws a circle }
GETPIC( 0,5, 35,53, pic); { store the picture (0,5) to (35,53) }
{ actually, (0,5) to (40,53)
{ Examine the x and y diemensions and the picture }
write(' x dimension =' ord(pic(0))*256+ord(pic(1)) );
write(' y dimension =' ord(pic(2))*256+ord(pic(3)) );
{ first 10 byte of the picture(each byte for 4 picture elements) }
for i := 1 to 10 do
write( ord(pic(i+4)):4);
See Also:PUTPIC, SCREEN, READDOT
Pascal Utilities 2.0 Reference Manual Page 4-17
INITGUNIT
GUNIT Procedure
________________________________________________________________________________
Purpose: Initilizes the GUNIT by set default window and viewport.
Format: Procedure INITGUNIT(mode : integer);
Remarks: mode is a numeric expression which selects the screen mode. It is
among the three graphics modes 4, 5, or 6. If the specified
mode is out of the range then it is set to mode 4.
The INITGUNIT( mode ) is the equivalent to the following PASCAL codes.
procedure INITGUNIT( mode : INTEGER);
begin
if ( mode < 4 ) or ( mode > 6 ) then mode := 4; {graphics modes only}
SCREEN( mode ); { clear the screen & set screen mode}
PALETTE(0,1); { palette 0, backround color Blue }
WINDOW( 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0 ); { default unit window }
if mode = 6 then { high resolution mode (6) ? }
VIEWPORT(0, 0, 639, 199) { maximum size viewport for high resol}
else
VIEWPORT(0, 0, 319, 199); { maximum size viewport for medium res}
end; { INITGUNIT }
Example: INITGUNIT(4);
WINDOW(-50.0, -1.0, 0.0, 1.0);
VIEWPORT(0, 0, 319, 100);
This procedure inititlize the GUNIT by selecting screen mode 4 and
selects the window bounded by two corners (-50.0, -1.0) and (0.0,1.0).
It selects a viewport as the lower half screen. All the graphics
calls from the GUNIT maps all the points on the window onto their
corresponding positions on the screen.
See Also:VIEWPORT, WINDOW
Pascal Utilities 2.0 Reference Manual Page 4-18
INKEY
SLIB Function
________________________________________________________________________________
Purpose: Returns whether a key is pressed from the keyboard and what it is.
Format: FUNCTION INKEY(VAR ch:CHAR; VAR scan:INTEGER):BOOLEAN;
Remarks: INKEY returns true if at least one key is pressed otherwise false.
ch returns the ASCII character read from the keyboard. It returns
CHR(0), the null character for special keys such as function
keys.
scan returns the extended code. For a complete list of these codes,
see "Appendix G. ASCII Character Codes" of the IBM-BASIC
Manual.
While INKEY is being used, no characters are displayed on the screen
(no echoing) and all characters are passed to the program except for:
* Ctr-Num Lock, which sends the system into a pause state.
* Alt-Ctrl-Del, which does a System Reset.
* PrtSc, which prints the screen.
If you press Enter in response to INKEY, the carriage return character
passes through to the function.
Example: The following statements stop the program until any key on the keyboard
is pressed:
write('Press any key to continue');
while not INKEY(ch, scan) do { do nothing here } ;
If the function key F0 is pressed, INKEY returns true, ch returns
CHR(0) and scan returns 59.
You may change the "do nothing here" by other statements such as
controlling or checking other peripherals(light pen, joystick, RS232).
The Next example stops the program until any function key is pressed:
while (scan < 59 ) or ( scan > 68 ) do {scan code 59-68 for F0-F10}
while not INKEY( ch, scan ) do {nothing} ;
Pascal Utilities 2.0 Reference Manual Page 4-19
INPORT
PLIB Function
_______________________________________________________________________________
Purpose: Returns the byte read from an input port.
Format: Function INPORT(porti:INTEGER):integer;
Remarks: porti must be in the range 0 to 65535.
Refer to the IBM personal computer Technical Reference manual for a
description of valid port numbers (I/O address).
Example: num := INPORT(255);
This instruction reads a a byte from port 255 and assigns it to the
integer variable num.
See Also:OUTPORT
Pascal Utilities 2.0 Reference Manual Page 4-20
JOYSTICK JOYSTK
PLIB Procedure GLIB Procedure
_____________________________________________________________________________
Purpose: Returns the status and position of the joystick.
Format: Procedure JOYSTICK(VAR ax,ay,bx,by,a1,a2,b1,b2:integer);
Procedure JOYSTK (VAR ax,ay,bx,by,a1,a2,b1,b2:integer);
Remarks: (ax,ay) returns x and y positon of the first joystick.
(bx,by) returns x and y positon of the second joystick.
a1,a2 return the status of two buttons for the first joystick.
It returns 0 for pressed button and returns 1 for released
button.
b1,b2 return the status of two buttons for the second joystick.
It returns 0 for pressed button and returns 1 for released
button.
The (x,y) position for the center and four corners are returned as
as follows:
(1,17) (15,17)
(7,9)
(1, 1) (15, 1)
If there is no joystick connected then x and y return 25.
Pascal Utilities 2.0 Reference Manual Page 4-21
LIGHTPEN
SLIB Function
________________________________________________________________________________
Purpose: Returns the status/position of the light pen.
Format: FUNCTION LIGHTPEN(VAR row, column, x, y:INTEGER):BOOLEAN;
Remarks: LIGHTPEN returns false if light pen switch is not down/triggered,
otherwise returns true and its posiiton.
row,column returns the row and column on the screen. The range of row
is 0 to 24. And the range of column is 0 to 79 for modes
2, 3 and 6, and 0 to 39 otherwise as described in the
READCURSOR procedure.
x,y returns the graphics position. The range of pixy is 0 to
199. And the range of pixx is 0 to 319 for screen modes 4
and 5, and 0 to 639 for mode 6. Remember, the coordinate
for the left lower corner is (0,0) as described in the
WRITEDOT procedure.
Example: while not LIGHTPEN(row, col, x, y) do
{ do nothing until the light pen is triggered } ;
if row < 5 then begin
{ the use selects region 1 } end;
else if row < 15 then begin
{ the user selects region 2 } end;
else begin
{ the user selects region 3 } end;
See Also:READCURSOR, CURSOR, CURSORC, LOCATE
Pascal Utilities 2.0 Reference Manual Page 4-22
LOCATE
SLIB Procedure
________________________________________________________________________________
Purpose: Positions the cursor on the selected screen page.
Format: PROCEDURE LOCATE(page, row, col : INTEGER);
Remarks: page is a numeric expression in the range 0 to 7 for screen modes 0
and 1, 0 to 3 for modes 2 and 3, and 0 for modes 4 to 7. For a
complete list of these screen modes, see the Remarks in the
SCREEN procedure.
row is a numeric expression in the range 0 to 24. It indicates the
the screen line number where you want to place the cursor. The
lines are numbered 0 to 24, from top to bottom.
col is a numeric expression in the range 0 to 39 for screen modes 0,
1,4 and 5, and in the range 0 to 79 for modes 2,3,6 and 7. It
indicates the screen column number where you want to place the
cursor. The columns are numbered 0 to 39 (or 79) from left to
right.
After a LOCATE procedure, I/O procedures onto the screen begin placing
characters at the specified position, although the character cursor is
not displayed for screen modes 4,5 and 6 (graphics modes). The I/O
procedures include read, write(the original PASCAL procdure), putchar,
putstring and putlstring (Software Labs SLIB).
Without using LOCATE, the PASCAL writeln procedure displays characters
from left to right on each line and advance to the following line, from
line 0 to 23. When the cursor would normally go to line 24 on the
screen, line 0 through 23 are scrolled up one line, so that what was
line 0 disappears from the screen. Line 23 is blank, and the cursor
remains on line 23 to continue printing. With the LOCATE procedure,
you may control the location of each I/O procedure on the screen.
To design a tabular I/O form, you may use LOCATE to position, and
PUTLSTRING to write text in normal, blink and high intensity.
To use multiple pages, you may create a screen page without displaying
and then use the SELECTPAGE to display the prepared page. You may
swap these display pages.
Example: The following statements move the cursor to the upper left corner
of the screen and prints one line message:
LOCATE(0, 0, 0);
write('Customer name:');
See Also:READCURSOR, NEWCURSOR
Pascal Utilities 2.0 Reference Manual Page 4-23
MONITORC
SLIB Procedure
________________________________________________________________________________
Purpose: Switches to the Color/Graphics Monitor.
Format: Procedure MONITORC;
Remarks: If you have both the Color/Graphics Monitor Adapter and the Monochrome
Display and Parallel Printer Adapter, this procedure can switch to the
Color Monitor.
This procedure also calls SCREENG(4) which set the Color screen to
mode 4 (320x200 Color) and clears the screen. The original Monochrome
screen is not cleared.
Example: MONITORC; { Switch to the Color Monitor and clear screen }
See Also:MONO { switch to the Monochrome Monitor }
Pascal Utilities 2.0 Reference Manual Page 4-24
MONO
SLIB Procedure
________________________________________________________________________________
Purpose: Switches to the Monochrome Monitor.
Format: Procedure MONO;
Remarks: If you have both the Color/Graphics Monitor Adapter and the Monochrome
Display and Parallel Printer Adapter, this procedure can switch to the
Monochrome Monitor.
This procedure also calls SCREEN(7) which set the Monochrome screen to
mode 7 (80x25 BW Text) and clears the screen. The original Color
screen is not cleared.
Example: MONO; { Switch to the Monochrome Monitor and clear screen }
See Also:MONITORC; { switch to the Color Monitor }
Pascal Utilities 2.0 Reference Manual Page 4-25
MOVE
GUNIT Procedure
________________________________________________________________________________
Purpose: Move to the specified position on the screen.
Format: Procedure MOVE(x,y:REAL);
Remarks: (x,y) specifies the destination position.
It is used to prepare for the DRAW procedure.
Example: INITGUNIT(4); { initialize GUNIT 320x200 Color graphics mode }
VIEWPORT(159,0, 319, 199); { use the right side as the current
viewport}
WINDOW(-1.0, -1.0, 1.0, 1.0); { prefer working in this window}
MOVE(-1.0, -1.0); { move to the origin }
DRAW(1.0, 1.0, 2); { draws a diagonal line in Red }
See Also:DRAW, DRAWLINE, LOCATE
Pascal Utilities 2.0 Reference Manual Page 4-26
MUSICINIT, MUSICLOAD, MUSICGO, MUSICON, MUSICSTOP
PLIB Procedure
___________________________________________________________________________
Purpose: Plays music.
Format: Procedure MUSICINIT;
Procedure MUSICLOAD(tempo:CHAR;ntimes: INTEGER; s1,s2,s3: LSTRING);
Procedure MUSICGO;
Function MUSICON : BOOLEAN;
PROCEDURE MUSICSTOP;
Remarks: MUSICINIT- initializes the rest of the music routines.
MUSICLOAD- loads music buffer to be played.
MUSICGO- starts to play music from the music buffer in background.
MUSICON- returns whether the background music is still playing.
MUSICSTOP- stops the background music.
MUSICINIT initializes the interrupt routine for music to be played in
the background. You must call it before you call any other music
routines. You should not call it for the second time before you call
the MUSICSTOP procedure.
You can load a music buffer using the MUSICLOAD procedure. The music
buffer stores laric specification, length of each note, and level of
frequencies in three lstrings.
You can start playing music in background using the MUSICGO procedure.
Function MUSICON returns true if the background music is still playing
and returns false otherwise. You can use this function to check whether
the music is still playing.
(continue to next page)
Pascal Utilities 2.0 Reference Manual Page 4-27
The music buffer is loaded with strings defined as follows:
tempo is the speed of beats
'S' = slow, ( 55-65 beats per minute)
'M' = medium, ( 75-85 beats per minute)
'F' = fast, (115-125 beats per minute)
ntimes is the number of times the music buffer will be played.
S1 is the laric specification
'0' is a pause note;
'1','2','3','4','5','6','7' plays the indicated note.
'.' is one half of the previous note;
'|' and ' ' are neglected.
S2 is the length of each note in S1
'-' is a half note;
'=' is a quarter note;
' ' is a full note.
S3 is the level of frequencies
'.' is a low note;
' ' is a regular note;
'^' is a higher note;
'~' is a highest note.
The corresponding positions of these three lstrings should be aligned.
An example is as follows:
S1 := '| 1.2345- | 6416 | 5--0 |';
S2 := ' - =-- ';
S3 := ' . .... ^ ';
MUSICLOAD('F',10,S1,S2,S3); { Fast movement,play for ten times}
After music finished, you can replay the same buffer using the
MUSICGO procedure. It is not necessary to reload the same buffer.
To play music in foreground, you can use while or repeat loop waiting
for the status of the MUSICON function becomes false.
Since the music buffer can store up to 255 notes, you can load and play
another buffer as soon as the current music finishes.
Since the music procedures depend on the system time interrupt, it may
not work properly when the DOS system time interrupt routine has been
modified by other programs.
Example: MUSICINIT; {* Invoke interrupt routine }
S1 := '| 1.2345- | 6416 | 5--0 |';
S2 := ' - =-- ';
S3 := ' . .... ^ ';
MUSICLOAD('F',10,S1,S2,S3); {Fast movement,play for ten times }
MUSICGO; { start playing the loaded music buffer}
while
MUSICON do { any Pascal Block statements } ;
MUSICSTOP; {* Stop the backgroud music}
Pascal Utilities 2.0 Reference Manual Page 4-28
NEWCURSOR
SLIB Procedure
________________________________________________________________________________
Purpose: Defines the size/shape of the text cursor.
Format: PROCEDURE NEWCURSOR(start, stop:INTEGER);
Remarks: start is a numeric expression in the range 0 to 32. It indicates the
cursor starting scan line.
stop is a numeric expression in the range 0 to 31. It indicates the
cursor stop scan line.
The scan lines are numbered from 0 at the top of the character
position. The bottom scan line is 7 for the Color/Graphics Monitor
Adapter, 13 for the IBM Monochrome Display and Parallel Printer
Adapter. If start is greater than stop, you'll get a two-part cursor.
The cursor "wraps" from the bottom line back to the top. If the bit
5 or 6 of start is one then the cursor is invisible.
Example: The following example makes the cursor invisible.
NEWCURSOR(32, 0);
See Also:LOCATE, READCURSOR
Pascal Utilities 2.0 Reference Manual Page 4-29
NUMDISK, NUMGAME, NUMMEMORY, NUMPRAM, NUMPRINTER, NUMCOMM
PLIB Functions
__________________________________________________________________________
Purpose: Returns the number of disks, games, memoery, planar RAM, printers,
and communication ports.
Format: Function NUMDISK: integer;
Function NUMGAME: integer;
Function NUMMEMORY: integer;
Function NUMPRAM: integer;
Function NUMPRINTER: integer;
Function NUMCOMM: integer;
Remarks: These routines returns the number of equipment attached at the boot
time as follows:
NUMDISK : disk drives (0..4).
NUMGAME : game adapters (0..1).
NUMMEMORY : number of K RAM memory, i.e. 64 for 64K, 128 for 128 K
etc.
NUMPRAM : planar RAM size(16, 32, 48, 64 for 16K, 32K, 48K, 64K
respectively.
NUMPRINTER: printers (0..3).
NUMCOMM : asynchronous communication ports (RS232).
Pascal Utilities 2.0 Reference Manual Page 4-30
OUTPORT
PLIB Procedure
________________________________________________________________________________
Purpose: Sends a byte to a machine output port.
Format: Procedure OUTPORT(porto, valueo:INTEGER);
Remarks: porto is a numeric expression for the port number, in the range 0
to 65535. Refer to the IBM Personal computer Technical
Reference manual for a description of valid port number (I/O
addresses).
valueo is a numeric expression for the data to be transmitted, in
the range 0 to 65535.
Example: OUTPORT(32,50);
This instruction sends the value 50 to output port 32.
See Also:INPORT.
Pascal Utilities 2.0 Reference Manual Page 4-31
PAINT
GLIB Procedure
________________________________________________________________________________
Purpose: Fills in an area on the screen with the selected color and pattern.
Format: Procedure PAINT(x,y,icolor,bcolor,pattern:INTEGER);
Remarks: (x,y) specify the coordinates of a point within the area to
be painted. This point is used as a seeding point to
fill the rest of the area.
icolor is a numeric expression which selects one color to fill
the interior of the rectangle. The color is specified
as described in the BAR procedure.
bcolor is a numeric expression which selects one color to draw
the boundary of the rectangle.
pattern is a numeric expression which selects one out of the 39
available patterns as drawn in "Appendix B Fill
Patterns".
A new pattern fill algorithm is invented by the staff of Software Labs
to implement this PAINT procedure. This efficient algorithm works
for an arbitrary boundary. Within the outer boundary, you can have
other boundaries to 'protect' the regions that you don't want it to
fill.
Pascal Utilities 2.0 Reference Manual Page 4-32
PALETTE
GLIB Procedure
________________________________________________________________________________
Purpose: Select a palette and background color for medium resolution
graphics mode (mode 4).
Format: Procedure PALETTE(palettenum, background :INTEGER);
Remarks: palettenum is a numeric expression which selects either palette 0 or
palette 1. If palettenum is an even number, palette 0 is
selected. If palettenum is an odd number, palette 1 is
selected.
background is a numeric expression which sets the background color.
The range for background is 0 through 15, as described in
the BORDER for text mode.
Once the palette is chosen, the parameter 'color' in the GLIB routines
such as WRITEDOT, DRAWLINE, CIRCLE, or PAINT selects color as follows:
color Palette_0 Palette_1
0 Background Background
1 Green Cyan
2 Red Magenta
3 Brown White
For palette 0, the colors Green, Red, and Brown associates to the color
number 1, 2, and 3 respectively. Similarly, the colors Cyan, Magenta,
and White associates to the color number 1, 2, and 3 respectively.
The color selected for background may be the same as any of the palette
colors.
Example: PALETTE( 0, 1);
This procedure selects palette 0 and background blue.
See Also:BORDER, SCREEN
Pascal Utilities 2.0 Reference Manual Page 4-33
PIE
GUNIT Procedure
________________________________________________________________________________
Purpose: Draws a pie with filled pattern on the screen.
Format: Procedure PIE(cx,cy,a,b,sangle,eangle:REAL;icolor,bcolor, pattern:
INTEGER);
Remarks: (cx,cy) specifies the center for the ellipse.
(a,b) specifies the width and length of the ellipse.
(sangle,eangel) specifies the starting and endding angle in RADIANS.
They should in the range bounded by the real number
limits.
icolor is a numeric expression which selects one color to fill
the interior of the rectangle. The color is specified
as described in the BAR procedure.
bcolor is a numeric expression which selects one color to draw
the boundary of the rectangle.
pattern is a numeric expression which selects one out of the 39
available patterns as drawn in in the PAINT routine.
Angles are specified in RADIANS for the PIE procedure. And in DEGREES
in the circle procedure. Degrees are specified in integer and RADIANS
are specified in real numbers. Integer calculation is more efficient
than real number calculation. However, you can work on the chosen
coordinate system through the GUNIT procedures which is a more
convenient environment.
Example: INITGUNIT(4); { initialize GUNIT 320x200 Color graphics mode }
VIEWPORT(159,0, 319, 199); { use the right side as the current
viewport}
WINDOW(-1.1, -1.1, 1.1, 1.1); { prefer working in this window}
PIE(0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.3, 3, 2, 7); {draw a pie with pattern 7}
See Also:PAINT, PALETTE, READDOT, WRITEDOT, BAR, CIRCLE
Pascal Utilities 2.0 Reference Manual Page 4-34
PRINTER CONTROL routines
PLIB procedures
____________________________________________________________________________
Purpose: Controls an EPSON or IBM printer.
Format: Procedure COMPRESS(port);
Procedure DBLWIDTH(port);
Procedure FORMFEED(port);
Procedure PRINTCRLF(port);
Procedure EMPHASIZE(port);
Procedure UNEMPHA(port);
Procedure DBLSTRIKE(port);
Procedure UNDBLDSTRIKE(port);
Procedure REGULAR(port);
Remarks: These printer control routines set the mode for an EPSON or IBM
printer. Once a mode is set, all the following characters are printed
according to the mode. The printer modes are set as follows:
COMPRESS - Compresses the width of characters.
DBLWIDTH - Double the width of characters.
FORMFEED - Moves the paper to next print page.
PRINTCRLF - Prints CR-LF (carriage return- line feed).
EMPHASIZE - Prints bold characters.
UNEMPHA - reset the EMPHASIZE mode.
DBLSTRIKE - Double strike eack dot pattern.
UNDBLDSTRIKE- reset the DBLSTRIKE mode.
REGULAR - reset to the regular mode.
port is the printer port number 0 or 1.
See Also:PRINTINIT, PRINTCHR, PRINTLSTRING
Pascal Utilities 2.0 Reference Manual Page 4-35
PRTCHR
PLIB Function
________________________________________________________________________
Purpose: Prints a character on an EPSON or IBM printer.
Format: Function PRTCHR(port: INTEGER; ch: CHAR);
Remarks: port is the printer port number 0 or 1
ch is the ASCII character to be printed.
See Also:PRTINIT, PRTLSTRING, PRTSTATUS, and PRINTER CONTROL.
Pascal Utilities 2.0 Reference Manual Page 4-36
PRTINIT
PLIB procedure
________________________________________________________________________
Purpose: initializes a printer port.
Format: Procedure PRTINIT(Port: integer);
Remarks: port is the printer port number 0 or 1
You must call this initialization routine before you call any other
printer control routines.
Pascal Utilities 2.0 Reference Manual Page 4-37
PRTLSTRING
PLIB procedure
___________________________________________________________________________
Purpose: Prints an lstring on an EPSON or IBM printer.
Format: Procedure PRTLSTRING(port: integer;const line: Lstring);
Remarks: port is the printer port number 0 or 1
line is the lstring to be printed.
A CR-LF will be printed after the line.
See Also:PRTINIT, PRTCHR, and other PRINT CONTROL routines.
Pascal Utilities 2.0 Reference Manual Page 4-38
PRTSTATUS
PLIB procedure
_________________________________________________________________________
Purpose: Returns the status of an EPSON or IBM printer.
Format: Function PRTSTATUS(port: integer): WORD;
Remarks: PRTSTATUS returns the status as follows:
bit 15 = busy
bit 14 = acknoledge
bit 13 = out of page
bit 12 = selected
bit 11 = I/O error
bit 8 = time out
port is the printer port number 0 or 1
See Also:PRTINIT, PRTCHR, and PRINTER CONTROL routines.
Pascal Utilities 2.0 Reference Manual Page 4-39
PUTCHAR
SLIB Procedure
________________________________________________________________________________
Purpose: Writes a character with attribute at the current cursor position.
Format: Procedure PUTCHAR(page, attribute, count:INTEGER; ch : CHAR);
Remarks: page is a numeric expression which selects a display page. Its
range depends on the screen mode as described in the SCREEN
procedure.
attribute is a numeric expression which sets the attribute/color as
follows:
For IBM Monochrome Display and Parallel Printer Adapter
attribute Display
0,128 invisible
1 underline
2 normal (white on black background)
9 high intensity underline
10 high intensity
120 reverse video (blank on white )
129 (128+1) blinking & underline
130 (128+2) blinking normal
137 (128+9) blinking,high intensity and underline
138 (128+10) blinking high intensity
248 (128+120) blinking reverse video
For Color/Graphics Adapter
Eight bits are used to represent 256 (0 to 255)
combinations of foreground and background colors.
The lower four bits represent sixteen foreground color.
The next three bits represent the first eight of the
sixteen foreground color. And the most significant bit
represents blinking bit.
attribute color attribute color
0 Black 8 Gray
1 Blue 9 Light Blue
2 Green 10 Light Green
3 Cyan 11 Light Cyan
4 Red 12 Light Red
5 Magenta 13 Light Magenta
6 Brown 14 Yellow
7 White 15 High-intensity White
The attribute for any combination can be calculated as
follows:
attribute=blinking*128 + background*16 + foreground
count is a numeric expression which indicates the number of
characters to write.
ch is the character code
Pascal Utilities Reference Manual Page 4-40
You may press 'DEMOS' function key, from the main menu of the Pascal
Utilities Driver to display a table of all the attributes on the
scrren. You can locate an attribute by its row number and column
number. For example the attribute displayed at row 5 and column 7 is
57.
Example: SCREEN(1); { 40X25 color text screen mode }
BORDER(2); { sets BORDER color green }
LOCATE(0, 5, 15); {move cursor to page 0, row 5, column 15 }
PUTCHAR(0, 65, 20, 'a' ); { write 20 'a' Blue on Red Background }
{ attribute 65= 0*128+ 4 (Red) *16 + 1 }
PUTCHAR(0,132, 1, chr(1)); { write a Blinking Red smilling face }
{ attribute 132=1*128+ 0*16 + 4 (Red) }
See Also:BORDER, SCREEN, PUTLSTRING, PUTSTRING
Pascal Utilities Reference Manual Page 4-41
PUTLSTRING
SLIB Procedure
________________________________________________________________________________
Purpose: Writes an lstring with attribute at the current cursor position.
Format: Procedure PUTLSTRING(page, attribute:INTEGER; CONST ls:LSTRING);
Remarks: page is a numeric expression which selects a display page. Its
range depends on the screen mode as described in the SCREEN
procedure.
attribute is a numeric expression which sets the attribute/color as
described in the PUTCHAR procedure.
length is a numeric expression which indicates the number of
characters in the string to write.
ls is an lstring.
Example: VAR ls : LSTRING(80);
BEGIN
SCREEN(1); { 40X25 color text screen mode }
BORDER(2); { sets boarder color green }
LOCATE(0, 5, 15); {move cursor to page 0, row 5, column 15 }
PUTLSTRING(0, 65,'ABCDE' ); { write the constant lstring }
{ Blue on Red background}
PUTSTRING(0, 65, 4, ls); { write the lstring ls }
See Also:BORDER, SCREEN, PUTCHAR, PUTSTRING
Pascal Utilities Reference Manual Page 4-42
PUTPIC
GLIB Procedure
________________________________________________________________________________
Purpose: Put a picture on the screen from a specified string.
Format: Procedure PUTPIC(x1,y1,action:INTEGER; pic : string);
Remarks: (x1,y1) specifies the left lower corner for puting the picture. The
range of x1 is 0 to 319 for screen modes 4 and 5 and 0 to 639
for mode 6 as described in WRITEDOT. The range of y1 is 0 to
199. As described in the GETPIC procedure, if x1 is not on
a byte boundary then the next byte boundary is used for x1.
The same conversion formula is applied to x as follows:
medium resolution high resolution
( (x+3) DIV 4 ) * 4 ( (x+7) DIV 8 ) * 8
There is NO restriction for Y-coordinate except it must be
in the range of 0 to 199.
action is a numeric expression represents the following actions:
action function result
0 XOR XOR(p(),s())
1 PSET p()
2 OR OR(p(),s())
3 AND AND(p(),s())
-1 NEG COMPLEMENT(p())
If action is not in the range -1 to 3, it is used as 0 (XOR).
pic specifies the string to store the picture. It can be stored
from the GETPIC or created from programs. The format is
described in the GETPIC procedure.
1. two characters giving the x dimension in bits.
2. two characters giving the y dimension in bits.
3. the image itself.
Note that the format is compatible with that of the BASIC GET statment.
GETPIC and PUTPIC can be used for high speed object motion in graphics
mode. You can use DRAWLINE and CIRCLE to create the boundaries and
use PAINT to fill the interior in 40 patterns. You can then use GETPIC
to hold the picture and use PUTPIC to display the previously saved
picture in high speed.
XOR is a special mode which may be used for animation. XOR causes the
points on the screen to be inverted where a point exists in the string.
XOR has a unique property that makes it especially useful for
animation: when an image is put against a background twice, the
original background is restored unchanged. This property allows an
object to move around without destroying the background.
Pascal Utilities Reference Manual Page 4-43
Animation of an object can be performed as follows:
1. Create the object (CIRCLE, DRAWLINE, PAINT).
2. Store the object (GETPIC).
3. Write the object on the original position (with XOR) to erase it.
Step 1-3 are used to create the object.
4. Write the object on the screen (PUTPIC with XOR action).
5. Calculate the new position of the object.
6. Write the object a second time at the old location to erase the old
image (PUTPIC with XOR action).
7. position <- new position; Go to Step 4.
An object will be observed as moving on the screen.
Pascal Utilities Reference Manual Page 4-44
PUTSTRING
SLIB Procedure
________________________________________________________________________________
Purpose: Writes a string with attribute at the current cursor position.
Format: Procedure PUTSTRING(page, attribute, length:INTEGER; CONST s:STRING);
Remarks: page is a numeric expression which selects a display page. Its
range depends on the screen mode as described in the SCREEN
procedure.
attribute is a numeric expression which sets the attribute/color as
described in the PUTCHAR procedure.
length is a numeric expression which indicates the number of
characters in the string to write.
s is a string.
Example: VAR s : STRING(80);
BEGIN
SCREEN(1); { 40X25 color text screen mode }
BORDER(2); { sets boarder color green }
LOCATE(0, 5, 15); {move cursor to page 0, row 5, column 15 }
PUTSTRING(0, 65, 4, 'ABCDE' ); { write the first four characters }
{ of the constant string Blue on Red background}
{ attribute 65= 0*128+ 4 (Red) *16 + 1 }
PUTSTRING(0, 65, 4, s); { write the first 4 characters of s }
END;
See Also:BORDER, SCREEN, PUTCHAR, PUTLSTRING
Pascal Utilities Reference Manual Page 4-45
RND, RANDOMIZE
PLIB function
________________________________________________________________________
Purpose: Returns a random number between 0 and 65535.
Format: Function RND: WORD;
Procedure RANDOMIZE( seed : WORD);
Remarks: RND returns the next random number between 0 and 65535.
RANDOMIZE reseeds the random number generator with the new seed
which is between 0 and 65535.
In order to obtain a random number between -32768 and 32767, you can
use the following declarations:
Function RND : INTEGER;
Procedure RANDOMIZE( seed : INTEGER);
Example: The following example shows how to generate a number between 1 and 6.
It can be used to simulate a dice.
dice := RND mod 6; { dice is between 0 and 5 now }
dice := dice + 1;
You don't have to call the RANDOMIZE procedure.
Pascal Utilities Reference Manual Page 4-46
READCURSOR
SLIB Procedure
________________________________________________________________________________
Purpose: Reads the current cursor position and type/size.
Format: PROCEDURE READCURSOR(page:INTEGER; VAR row, col,start,stop : INTEGER);
Remarks: page is a numeric expression in the range 0 to 7 for screen modes 0
and 1, 0 to 3 for modes 2 and 3, and 0 for modes 4 to 7. For a
complete list of these screen modes, see the Remarks in the
SCREEN procedure.
row returns the current row (line) position of the cursor on the
specified page. The returned value will be in the range 0 to 24.
col returns the current column position of the cursor on the
specified page. The returned value will be in the range 0 to 39
or 0 to 79, depending on the current screen mode.
start returns the cursor starting line as described in the NEWCURSOR
procedure.
stop returns the cursor stop line as described in the NEWCURSOR
procedure.
Example: The following example advances to the following line if the cursor
is beyond position 60 on page 0.
readcursor(0, row, col, start, stop);
if col > 60 then writeln;
See Also:LOCATE, NEWCURSOR
Pascal Utilities Reference Manual Page 4-47
READDOT
GLIB Function
________________________________________________________________________________
Purpose: Returns the color at the specified position on the screen.
Format: Function READDOT(x, y :INTEGER):INTEGER;
Remarks: READDOT returns the color in the range 0 to 3 for medium resolution
(modes 4 and 5), and returns 0 or 1 for high resolution (mode
6) as described in the PALETTE procedure.
<-medium resolution(mode 4&5) -> <- high resolution-(6)>
color Palette 0 Palette 1 color display
0 background backgraoud 0 black
1 Green Cyan 1 white
2 Red Magenta
3 Brown White
x is a numeric expression which selects the X-coordinate of the
point.
y is a numeric expression which selects the Y-coordinate of the
point.
Example: SCREEN(4); { 320X200 Color graphics mode }
PALETTE(0, 1); { palette 0; backgraound color Blue }
WRITEDOT(5, 25, 1); { Green(1) dot (5, 25) }
WRITEDOT(5, 25, 3+128); { The dot (5, 25) has the color Red because
XOR(3,1) is 2 which is Red in palette 0 }
writeln(' Color code at (5,25) is ', READDOT(5,25)); { returns 2 }
WRITEDOT(5, 25, 2+128); { The dot (5, 25) has the background color}
See Also:SCREEN, PALETTE, WRITEDOT
Pascal Utilities Reference Manual Page 4-48
SCREEN SCREENG
SLIB Procedure GLIB Procedure
________________________________________________________________________________
Purpose: Set the screen mode and clears the screen.
Format: PROCEDURE SCREEN(mode :INTEGER);
PROCEDURE SCREENG(mode:INTEGER);
Remarks: mode is a numeric expression in the range 0 to 6 for the
Color/Graphics Adapter as follows:
mode Text Column Text Pages
0 : 40x25 BW 40 0 .. 7
1 : 40x25 Color 40 0 .. 7
2 : 80x25 BW 80 0 .. 3
3 : 80x25 Color 80 0 .. 3
4 : 320x200 Color 40 0 .. 0 Graphics
5 : 320x200 BW 40 0 .. 0 Graphics
6 : 640x200 BW 80 0 .. 0 Graphics
7 : 80x25 BW 80 0 .. 0 Monochrome Adapter
No matter what mode is passed to IBM Monochrome Display
and Parallel Printer Adapters, it is reset to mode 7.
There are 16K bytes in a Color/Graphics Adapter. One bit is used to
store the color for each dot of 640x200 elements in mode 6. The 16K
bytes memory can be used to store four pages color text in mode 3.
Two bytes are used to store each characters in Text mode, one byte
for the color/attributs, and the other byte for the code itself.
You may prepare multiple pages and select one for displaying by using
LOCATE, SELECTPAGE, PUTLSTRING, PUTSTRING and PUTCHAR. There is only
one cursor shared among all the pages. If you are going to swap pages,
you should save the cursor position on the current selected page (using
READCURSOR), before selecting another page. Then when you returned to
the original page, you can restore the cursor position using the LOCATE
procedure.
SCREENG is a procedure which performs the same fucntion as the SCREEN
procedure. You can use either name if you include both SLIB and GLIB
in compilation and linking. If you use functions from only GLIB then
you can use the SCREENG procedure to avoid including SLIB.
See Also:SCREENMODE
Pascal Utilities Reference Manual Page 4-49
SCREENCHAR
SLIB Function
________________________________________________________________________________
Purpose: Returns the attribute/character at the specified page.
Format: Function SCREENCHAR(page:integer; VAR attribute :INTEGER):CHAR;
Remarks: SCREENCHAR returns the ASCII code for the character on the specified
page at cursor position.
page is a numeric expression in the range 0 to 7 for screen
modes 0 and 1, 0 to 3 for modes 2 and 3, and 0 for modes 4
to 7. For a complete list of these screen modes, see the
Remarks in the SCREEN procedure.
attribute returns the color attribute for the character. The color
attribute is a number in the range 0 to 255. This number,
a, can be interpreted as follows:
( a MOD 16 ) is the foreground color.
(( (a - foreground) DIV 16 ) MOD 128 ) is the background
color, where foreground is calculted as above.
if ( a > 127 ) then it is blinking, else not.
Refer to the PALETTE procedure for a list of colors and
their associated numbers.
Example: ch := SCREENCHAR( 0, attribute);
See Also:SCREEN, PALETTE, PUTCHAR
Pascal Utilities Reference Manual Page 4-50
SCREENMODE
SLIB Function
________________________________________________________________________________
Purpose: Returns the current screen mode, active display page and screen width.
Format: Function SCREENMODE(VAR page, numcolumn:INTEGER):integer;
Remarks: SCREENMODE returns the current screen mode in the range 0 to 6
for the Color/Graphics Adapter as described in the SCREEN
procedure:
mode Text Column Text Pages
0 : 40x25 BW 40 0 .. 7
1 : 40x25 Color 40 0 .. 7
2 : 80x25 BW 80 0 .. 3
3 : 80x25 Color 80 0 .. 3
4 : 320x200 Color 40 0 .. 0 Graphics
5 : 320x200 BW 40 0 .. 0 Graphics
6 : 640x200 BW 80 0 .. 0 Graphics
7 : 80x25 BW 80 0 .. 0 Monochrome Adapter
It returns 7 for IBM Monochrome Display and Parallel
Printer Adapters.
page returns the current active page.
numcolumn returns the number of character columns on screen.
See Also:SCREEN
Pascal Utilities Reference Manual Page 4-51
SCROLL
SLIB Procedure
________________________________________________________________________________
Purpose: Scrolls the selected portion of the display page up or down.
Format: Procedure SCROLL(direction:CHAR; numline, ulrow, ulcol, lrrow, lrcol,
attribute : INTEGER);
Remarks: direction is a character indicating the direction of scrolling. The
screen scrolls up if direction is 'U', or 'u', otherwise it
scrolls down.
numline is a numeric expression indicating the number of lines
scrolling. The entire specified window is blank if numline
is 0.
ulrow is a numeric expression indicating the row of upper left
corner of scroll. It is in the range 0 to 25.
ulcol is a numeric expression indicating the column of upper left
corner of scroll. It is in the range 0 to 39 (79) depending
on the screen mode as described in the SCREEN procedure.
lrrow is a numeric expression indicating the row of lower right
corner of scroll. It is in the range 0 to 25.
lrrow is a numeric expression indicating the column of lower right
corner of scroll. It is in the range 0 to 39 (79) depending
on the screen mode as described in the SCREEN procedure.
attribute is a numeric expression indicating the attribute to be used
on blank lines.
The SCROLL procedure is used to move up/down portion of the screen
efficiently. New lines can then be written on the balnk lines. It can
also be used to blank the entire specified window. For a screen of
several windows, independent windows can be scrolled indepently.
Example: SCROLL('U', 0, 5, 0, 15, 39, 2);
Scroll up the entire window bounded by row 5, column 39 and row 15,
column 39 and fill the window by the normal blank.
See Also:SCREEN
Pascal Utilities Reference Manual Page 4-52
SELECTPAGE
SLIB Procedure
________________________________________________________________________________
Purpose: Selects one screen page for displaying.
Format: Procedure SELECTPAGE( page : integer);
Remarks: page is a numeric expression in the range 0 to 7 for screen
modes 0 and 1, 0 to 3 for modes 2 and 3, and 0 for modes 4
to 7. For a complete list of these screen modes, see the
Remarks in the SCREEN procedure.
Example: SELECTPAGE( 2 );
Selects page 2 for displaying.
See Also:SCREEN
Pascal Utilities Reference Manual Page 4-53
SOUND
PLIB Procedure
________________________________________________________________________________
Purpose: Generates sound through the speaker.
Format: Procedure SOUND(freq, duration : INTEGER);
Remarks: freq is the desired frequency in Hertz. It must be a numeric
expression of 0 to 32767. Frequency 0 selects silence.
And all the frequences in the range 1 to 20 are treated as
frequency 20.
duration is the desired duration in hundredths of a second. It must
be a numerica expression in the range 0 to 65535.
When the SOUND procedure procduces a sound, the program will not
execute the following statement until the SOUND procedure finishes.
While the MUSICGO procedures play music in the background.
Example: SOUND( 440, 50); {generates sound with frequency 440 for
half second}
SOUND( 0, 100); {generates no sound for one second }
See Also:MUSICGO.
Pascal Utilities Reference Manual Page 4-54
VIEW
GLIB Procedure
________________________________________________________________________________
Purpose: Specifies a clipping viewport on the screen.
Format: Procedure VIEW(left, bottom, right, top : INTEGER);
Remarks: left is a numeric expression which selects the smallest
X-coordinate for the clipping viewport. It is in the range 0
to 639 for screen mode 6, and in the range 0 to 319 for modes
4 and 5 as described in the SCREEN procedure.
bottom is a numeric expression which selects the smallest
Y-coordinate for the clipping viewport. It is in the range 0
to 199 for screen modes 4, 5 and 6 as described in the Screen
procedure.
right is a numeric expression which selects the largest
X-coordinate for the clipping viewport. It is in the range 0
to 639 for screen mode 6, and in the range 0 to 319 for modes
4 and 5 as described in the SCREEN procedure.
top is a numeric expression which selects the largest
Y-coordinate for the clipping viewport. It is in the range 0
to 199 for screen modes 4, 5 and 6 as described in the Screen
procedure.
The origin (0,0) of the coordinate system is at the lower left corner.
The upper left corner has the coornidate (0,199).
VIEW specifies a clipping viewport on the scrren. All the subsequent
graphics write routines are clipped by the specified viewport. In other
word, only the portion within the viewport boundary is visible. The
graphics routines are WRITEDOT, DRAWLINE, and CIRCLE in the GLIB.
The default viewport values are set as the maximum viewport for the
medium resolution screen. In other words, VIEW(0, 0, 319, 199) is the
default procedure call.
Example: SCREEN(4);
VIEW(0, 0, 159, 199);
This procedure selects screen mode 4 (320x199 color graphics) and then
selects aviewport as the left half screen. All the graphics output
is on the left side screen only.
See Also:SCREEN, VIEWPORT
Pascal Utilities Reference Manual Page 4-55
VIEWPORT
GUNIT Procedure
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Purpose: Specifies a clipping viewport on the screen.
Format: Procedure VIEWPORT(left, bottom, right, top : INTEGER);
Remarks: left is a numeric expression which selects the smallest
X-coordinate for the clipping viewport. It is in the range 0
to 639 for screen mode 6, and in the range 0 to 319 for modes
4 and 5 as described in the SCREEN procedure.
bottom is a numeric expression which selects the smallest
Y-coordinate for the clipping viewport. It is in the range 0
to 199 for screen modes 4, 5 and 6 as described in the Screen
procedure.
right is a numeric expression which selects the largest
X-coordinate for the clipping viewport. It is in the range 0
to 639 for screen mode 6, and in the range 0 to 319 for modes
4 and 5 as described in the SCREEN procedure.
top is a numeric expression which selects the largest
Y-coordinate for the clipping viewport. It is in the range 0
to 199 for screen modes 4, 5 and 6 as described in the Screen
procedure.
The origin (0,0) of the coordinate system is at the lower left corner.
The upper left corner has the coornidate (0,199).
VIEWPORT specifies a viewport on the scrren. The WINDOW procedure in
the GUNIT specifies a window on the world (user) coordinate system.
The specified window is mapped onto the viewport. All the procedure
calls are mapped onto the corresponding position on the viewport.
VIEWPORT also calls the VIEW procedure in the GLIB, using the same
parameters. Therefore, all the subsequent to the WRITEDOT, DRAWLINE,
and CIRCLE in the GLIB are also clipped by the same viewport.
The initialization routine, INITGUNIT(mode) sets the viewport to the
maximum size for the specified mode. Namely, it calls
VIEWPORT(0,0,319,199) for modes 4 and 5 and calls VIEWPORT(0,0,639,199)
for mode 6.
Example: INITGUNIT(4);
VIEWPORT(0, 0, 159, 199);
This procedure inititlize the GUNIT by selecting screen mode 4 and
selects aviewport as the left half screen. All the graphics output
is on the left side screen only.
See Also:INITGUNIT, WINDOW, VIEW
Pascal Utilities Reference Manual Page 4-56
WINDOW
GUNIT Procedure
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Purpose: Specifies a window in the world cordinate system to be mapped to a
viewport on the screen.
Format: PROCEDURE WINDOW(x1, y1, x2, y2 : REAL);
Remarks: x1 is a numeric expression which selects the X-coordinate of the
first corner of the window.
y1 is a numeric expression which selects the Y-coordinate of the
first corner of the window.
x2 is a numeric expression which selects the X-coordinate of the
second corner of the window.
y2 is a numeric expression which selects the Y-coordinate of the
second corner of the window.
VIEWPORT specifies a viewport on the scrren. The WINDOW procedure in
the GUNIT specifies a window on the world (user) coordinate system.
The specified window is mapped onto the viewport. All the world
coordinates are transformed onto the corresponding viewport
coordinates. These tranformation parameters are computed for each
VIEWPORT or WINDOW call. The sequence of these two routines are not
important. You can call VIEWPORT and then WINDOW, or WINDOW then
VIEWPORT.
The initialization routine INITGUNIT(mode) sets the window to a unit
box. Namely, it calls WINDOW(0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0).
Example: INITGUNIT(4);
WINDOW(0.0, -1.0, 1.0, 1.0);
VIEWPORT(160, 0, 319, 199);
This procedure inititlize the GUNIT by selecting screen mode 4 and
selects the window bounded by two corners (0.0, -1.0) and (1.0,1.0).
It selects a viewport as the right half screen. All the graphics
calls from the GUNIT maps those on the window onto the right half
screen.
See Also:INITGUNIT, VIEWPORT, VIEW
Pascal Utilities Reference Manual Page 4-57
WRITEDOT
GLIB Procedure
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Purpose: Draws a point at the specified position on the screen.
Format: Procedure WRITEDOT(x, y, color : INTEGER);
Remarks: x is a numeric expression which selects the X-coordinate of the
point.
y is a numeric expression which selects the Y-coordinate of the
point.
Color is a numeric expression which selects the color from one of
the palette as set by the PALETTE procedure.
<-medium resolution(mode 4&5) -> <- high resolution-(6)>
color Palette 0 Palette 1 color display
0 background backgraoud 0 black
1 Green Cyan 1 white
2 Red Magenta
3 Brown White
For medium resolution graphics, only the last two bits are used to code
the color. For example, 7 and 11 can also be used to represent color 3.
Similarly, only the last bit is important in the high resolution
graphics.
The most significant bit of the least significant byte represents an
exclusive or (XOR) action. For example, WRITEDOT(10, 10, 3) writes
color 3 to (10,10), WRITEDOT(10, 10, 128+3) writes XOR(3, old) to
(10,10) where old is the original color at the position (10,10). It
writes 3 if old is 0, and writes 0 if old is 3.
XOR is a special mode which can be used for animation. XOR causes
the points on the screen to be complemented. When a dot is written
twice, the original background is restored unchanged. This allows
you to move an object around without destroying the background.
The dot is set to the specified color only if its position is inside
the viewport set by the VIEWPORT procedure.
Example: SCREEN(4); { 320X200 Color graphics mode }
PALETTE(0, 1); { palette 0 backgraound color Blue }
WRITEDOT(5, 25, 1); { Green(1) dot (5, 25) }
WRITEDOT(5, 25, 3+128); { The dot (5, 25) has the color Red because
XOR(3,1) is 2 which is Red in palette 0 }
WRITEDOT(5, 25, 2+128); { The dot (5, 25) has the background color}
See Also:SCREEN, PALETTE, READDOT
Pascal Utilities Reference Manual Page 4-58
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